The American Colonies Emerge Chapter 2

Virginia With the support of strong monarchs and capital from investment companies, England began to plant settlements in North America. With the support of strong monarchs and capital from investment companies, England began to plant settlements in North America. The first successful one was at Jamestown, Virginia (1607). The first successful one was at Jamestown, Virginia (1607).

Virginia Early English Failures Early English Failures Humphrey Gilbert secured a royal charter and private investment to start a colony in Newfoundland failed. Humphrey Gilbert secured a royal charter and private investment to start a colony in Newfoundland failed. Sir Walter Raleigh’s “Virginia” settlement on Roanoke Island vanished. Sir Walter Raleigh’s “Virginia” settlement on Roanoke Island vanished.

Virginia The Jamestown Settlement The Jamestown Settlement Two Companies were chartered to settle Virginia. Two Companies were chartered to settle Virginia. Many died in the early going due to disease and starvation. Many died in the early going due to disease and starvation. Captain John Smith dominated the colonial council and enforced strict rules. Captain John Smith dominated the colonial council and enforced strict rules. Chief Powhatan offered assistance to the English. Chief Powhatan offered assistance to the English.

Virginia The Jamestown Settlement The Jamestown Settlement John Rolfe married Pocahontas, Powhatan’s daughter, and planted Tobacco. John Rolfe married Pocahontas, Powhatan’s daughter, and planted Tobacco. Tobacco cultivation added to strain between English and Native Americans. Tobacco cultivation added to strain between English and Native Americans. Native Americans pressured to convert to Christianity led to conflict. Native Americans pressured to convert to Christianity led to conflict. Warfare ended with a treaty “reorganizing” English authority. Warfare ended with a treaty “reorganizing” English authority. Virginia was reorganized into a royal colony in Virginia was reorganized into a royal colony in 1624.

Virginia Virginia Society and Government Virginia Society and Government Over 60% of the settlers arrived as indentured servants. Over 60% of the settlers arrived as indentured servants. Later 50 acres were granted to stockholders who transported themselves to Virginia. Later 50 acres were granted to stockholders who transported themselves to Virginia young women were sent to the settlement by the London Company young women were sent to the settlement by the London Company Dutch brought first slaves to Jamestown Dutch brought first slaves to Jamestown the first General Assembly of Virginia met in Jamestown. (including governor, councilors, and burgesses) 1619 the first General Assembly of Virginia met in Jamestown. (including governor, councilors, and burgesses)

Southern Colonies Like the pioneer settlement in Virginia, other Southern Colonies featured plantation economies growing staple export crops that required a supply of field labor. Like the pioneer settlement in Virginia, other Southern Colonies featured plantation economies growing staple export crops that required a supply of field labor.

Southern Colonies Maryland Maryland The Second Chesapeake Bay plantation colony was founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore (a.k.a. George Calvert). The Second Chesapeake Bay plantation colony was founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore (a.k.a. George Calvert). Profit motive was combined with refuge for Roman Catholics. Profit motive was combined with refuge for Roman Catholics. An Act of Toleration was passed in 1649 An Act of Toleration was passed in 1649 As in Virginia, tobacco was profitable, demand for field labor, primarily indentured servants, but also African- American slaves. As in Virginia, tobacco was profitable, demand for field labor, primarily indentured servants, but also African- American slaves.

Southern Colonies The Carolinas The Carolinas King Charles II granted a charter to eight court favorites to land between Virginia and Spanish Florida. King Charles II granted a charter to eight court favorites to land between Virginia and Spanish Florida. Encourage immigration by granting religious toleration. Encourage immigration by granting religious toleration. Split into North and South Carolina in Split into North and South Carolina in 1729.

Southern Colonies North Carolina North Carolina Populated by migrants from Virginia. Populated by migrants from Virginia. Reputation for democratic independence. Reputation for democratic independence. Chief exports tobacco and timber. Chief exports tobacco and timber.

Southern Colonies South Carolina South Carolina First populated by slave owning planters from Barbados. First populated by slave owning planters from Barbados. Native Americans sold as slaves by others. Native Americans sold as slaves by others. Plantations produced rice and indigo. Plantations produced rice and indigo. Port of Charleston had aristocratic and cosmopolitan feel from French Protestant settlers. Port of Charleston had aristocratic and cosmopolitan feel from French Protestant settlers.

Southern Colonies Georgia Georgia The last English mainland colony founded in The last English mainland colony founded in Military buffer between Carolinas and Spanish Florida. Military buffer between Carolinas and Spanish Florida. General James Oglethorpe, founder, promoted prison reform, sought to make to colony a refuge for debtors. General James Oglethorpe, founder, promoted prison reform, sought to make to colony a refuge for debtors. Initially alcohol and slaves were forbidden in colony. Initially alcohol and slaves were forbidden in colony. Large number of Germans settled there. Large number of Germans settled there. In 1753, charter expired, Georgia became a colony. In 1753, charter expired, Georgia became a colony.

Puritan New England The Puritans were English religious dissenters, many of whom migrated to Massachusetts. The Puritans were English religious dissenters, many of whom migrated to Massachusetts. From there the Puritan influence spread to other New England colonies. From there the Puritan influence spread to other New England colonies.

Puritan New England Puritanism Puritanism A faction within the church of England, return Christianity to its pure roots. A faction within the church of England, return Christianity to its pure roots. Criticized the Anglican Church for keeping too many Catholic rituals. Criticized the Anglican Church for keeping too many Catholic rituals. Stressed the ideas of Predestination, divine grace, and good works. Stressed the ideas of Predestination, divine grace, and good works. Religion should be part of daily life and government. Religion should be part of daily life and government. Congregationalists challenged the idea of centralized church-state control. Congregationalists challenged the idea of centralized church-state control. Separatists broke from the English Church. Separatists broke from the English Church.

Puritan New England The Great Migration: The Great Migration: flight of Puritans from England to the New World 1629 – flight of Puritans from England to the New World 1629 – King Charles I grants charter to Puritan controlled Massachusetts Bay Company. King Charles I grants charter to Puritan controlled Massachusetts Bay Company. 50,000 left England most to West Indies. 50,000 left England most to West Indies. Motivated by a religious mission and economic opportunity. Motivated by a religious mission and economic opportunity. Boston became the “hub” of the New England settlements. Boston became the “hub” of the New England settlements.

Puritan New England The “Bible Commonwealth” The “Bible Commonwealth” A religious society. A religious society. Loyal to a purified Church of England. Loyal to a purified Church of England. Each congregation was self governing. Each congregation was self governing. Clergy were a powerful elite but did not claim political power. Clergy were a powerful elite but did not claim political power.

Puritan New England General Court (legislature) elected adult male church members owning property. General Court (legislature) elected adult male church members owning property. Democratic roots lay in individual congregational control and town meetings. Democratic roots lay in individual congregational control and town meetings. Puritans emphasized “work ethic” and material progress. Puritans emphasized “work ethic” and material progress.

Puritan New England “Blue Laws” stressed observance to the Sabbath, moderation in worldly pleasures “Blue Laws” stressed observance to the Sabbath, moderation in worldly pleasures

Puritan New England Conflicts Conflicts Quarrels and challenges to Orthodoxy plagued the “peaceable kingdom”. Quarrels and challenges to Orthodoxy plagued the “peaceable kingdom”. Massachusetts became the “mother” of other New England colonies. Massachusetts became the “mother” of other New England colonies. “Responsibility for fellow men” resulted in lack of privacy and intolerance. “Responsibility for fellow men” resulted in lack of privacy and intolerance.

Puritan New England Rev. Roger Williams advocated separation of Church and State and Native American land claims, banished in 1636 founded the colony of Rhode Island. Rev. Roger Williams advocated separation of Church and State and Native American land claims, banished in 1636 founded the colony of Rhode Island.

Puritan New England Anne Hutchinson was exiled in 1638 for advocating direct contact with the divine to seek salvation. Anne Hutchinson was exiled in 1638 for advocating direct contact with the divine to seek salvation. Moved to Rhode Island. Moved to Rhode Island.

Puritan New England Thomas Hooker led migrants seeking better land into Connecticut Valley. Thomas Hooker led migrants seeking better land into Connecticut Valley. Its General Court adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut in1639 (constitution) Its General Court adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut in1639 (constitution)

Puritan New England Salem, MA (1692) witchcraft trials 20 deaths 100 imprisoned. Salem, MA (1692) witchcraft trials 20 deaths 100 imprisoned.

Puritan New England As Puritan enthusiasm declined, council of ministers adopted the “Half-way Covenant” in 1662, permitting partial membership in the congregation. As Puritan enthusiasm declined, council of ministers adopted the “Half-way Covenant” in 1662, permitting partial membership in the congregation.

Puritan New England John Winthrop: ( ) An English lawyer, Puritan who moved to the Massachusetts Bay colony. John Winthrop: ( ) An English lawyer, Puritan who moved to the Massachusetts Bay colony. Repeatedly elected Governor. Repeatedly elected Governor. First President of the New England Confederation (1643) First President of the New England Confederation (1643)

Colonial Turmoil Colonial stability was periodically shaken by conflict, sometimes rejecting changes in England, more often resulting from tensions in America. Colonial stability was periodically shaken by conflict, sometimes rejecting changes in England, more often resulting from tensions in America.

Colonial Turmoil Native Americans Native Americans Frequently clashed with the colonists Frequently clashed with the colonists When the Pequot Indians resisted white expansion in Connecticut, the English and Indian allies virtually wiped out the tribe (1637) When the Pequot Indians resisted white expansion in Connecticut, the English and Indian allies virtually wiped out the tribe (1637)

Colonial Turmoil Native Americans Native Americans King Philip’s War (1675 – 1676) Indian attacks on Puritan towns, inflicted heavy casualties. Failure to form tribal alliances crippled the Native American resistance in New England. King Philip’s War (1675 – 1676) Indian attacks on Puritan towns, inflicted heavy casualties. Failure to form tribal alliances crippled the Native American resistance in New England.

Colonial Turmoil Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676 Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676 A major popular uprising. A major popular uprising. Falling tobacco prices, scarcity of land for freed indentured servants, and fears of Indian attack contributed to tensions on the Virginia frontier. Falling tobacco prices, scarcity of land for freed indentured servants, and fears of Indian attack contributed to tensions on the Virginia frontier. Under-representation in the colony’s legislature and resentment toward William Berkeley, the royal governor, added to the unrest. Under-representation in the colony’s legislature and resentment toward William Berkeley, the royal governor, added to the unrest.

Colonial Turmoil Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676 Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676 After clashing with the Indians, rebels under the leadership of Nathaniel Bacon marched on Jamestown and burned the capital. After clashing with the Indians, rebels under the leadership of Nathaniel Bacon marched on Jamestown and burned the capital. Bacon suddenly died and the rebellion was crushed. Bacon suddenly died and the rebellion was crushed. The uprising reflected tensions between tidewater aristocrats and poorer, politically deprived, frontiersman. The uprising reflected tensions between tidewater aristocrats and poorer, politically deprived, frontiersman. A new Royal governor was ordered to restrict colonial independence or political autonomy. A new Royal governor was ordered to restrict colonial independence or political autonomy.

Colonial Turmoil Imperial Control Imperial Control Continued to tighten under King James II Continued to tighten under King James II The Dominion of New England was created to unify colonial administration (1686). The Dominion of New England was created to unify colonial administration (1686). Charters were revoked, assemblies dissolved, and Governor Andros of Massachusetts was given extraordinary powers. Charters were revoked, assemblies dissolved, and Governor Andros of Massachusetts was given extraordinary powers.

Colonial Turmoil The Glorious Revolution (1689) The Glorious Revolution (1689) Replaced James II with the Protestant monarchs William and Mary. Replaced James II with the Protestant monarchs William and Mary. Massachusetts colonists overthrew Governor Andros Massachusetts colonists overthrew Governor Andros In New York (Leisler Rebellion) and Maryland, popular uprisings deposed governments temporarily. In New York (Leisler Rebellion) and Maryland, popular uprisings deposed governments temporarily. The Glorious Revolution reassessed parliamentary power in London, but Royal control was re-imposed on the American colonies. The Glorious Revolution reassessed parliamentary power in London, but Royal control was re-imposed on the American colonies.

Middle Colonies The colonies that developed between New England and the Chesapeake Bay attracted a variety of religions and nationalities and soon developed thriving economies. The colonies that developed between New England and the Chesapeake Bay attracted a variety of religions and nationalities and soon developed thriving economies.

Middle Colonies Dutch New York: Henry Hudson Dutch New York: Henry Hudson Sailing for the Dutch East India Co. seeking Northwest Passage, 1609 found Hudson River. Established fur trading posts on Manhattan Island and at Fort Orange (Albany) Sailing for the Dutch East India Co. seeking Northwest Passage, 1609 found Hudson River. Established fur trading posts on Manhattan Island and at Fort Orange (Albany) New Amsterdam, capital, was built on land purchased from Native Americans by Peter Minuet. New Amsterdam, capital, was built on land purchased from Native Americans by Peter Minuet.

Middle Colonies Dutch New York: Henry Hudson Dutch New York: Henry Hudson The Dutch expanded and absorbed Swedish settlements on the Delaware River. The Dutch expanded and absorbed Swedish settlements on the Delaware River. Population remained sparse. Population remained sparse. New Amsterdam was a “company town” offering little religious or political toleration. New Amsterdam was a “company town” offering little religious or political toleration. A mixed population, including English on Long Island, was poorly governed. A mixed population, including English on Long Island, was poorly governed.

Middle Colonies English New York: English New York: King Charles II (Eng.) granted area to brother, James, the Duke of York after Anglo-Dutch Wars. King Charles II (Eng.) granted area to brother, James, the Duke of York after Anglo-Dutch Wars. The Dutch surrendered to British fleet without battle in The Dutch surrendered to British fleet without battle in Black slaves 1/5th of New York City population. Black slaves 1/5th of New York City population. Dutch influence remained. Dutch influence remained.

Middle Colonies New Jersey New Jersey Established in 1664 when Duke of York turned land between Hudson and Delaware Rivers over to noble landlords. Established in 1664 when Duke of York turned land between Hudson and Delaware Rivers over to noble landlords. Divided into East and West Jersey. Divided into East and West Jersey. Combined into one colony in Combined into one colony in 1702.

Middle Colonies Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Established as a refuge for Quakers by William Penn. Established as a refuge for Quakers by William Penn. Quakers believed in direct inspiration from God. Quakers believed in direct inspiration from God. Refused to defer political authority, persecuted in England. Refused to defer political authority, persecuted in England. Penn offered religious toleration. Penn offered religious toleration.

Middle Colonies Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Quakers were pacifists and treated Native Americans fairly. Quakers were pacifists and treated Native Americans fairly. German and Scotch-Irish settlers did not relate to NA as well. German and Scotch-Irish settlers did not relate to NA as well. Some Germans retained culture (Penn. Dutch). Some Germans retained culture (Penn. Dutch). Pennsylvania offered more political involvement by freemen. Pennsylvania offered more political involvement by freemen.

Middle Colonies Pennsylvania Pennsylvania A wide variety of national and religious groups attracted to colony. A wide variety of national and religious groups attracted to colony. Philadelphia prospered economically rivaling Boston. Philadelphia prospered economically rivaling Boston. Farms produced abundant grain. Farms produced abundant grain.