Chapter 9 Motivation and Emotion

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 Perspectives on Motivation Motivation –why people behave, think, and feel the way they do –motivated behavior is energized and directed Motives –what energize and direct behavior toward solving a problem or achieving a goal

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3 Perspectives on Motivation Intrinsic motivation –motivation based on your own internal desires and needs Extrinsic motivation –motivation based on positive or negative external incentives

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4 Perspectives on Motivation The Evolutionary Perspective –Instinct an innate, biological determinant of behavior –Ethology the study of the biological bases of behavior in natural habitats

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5 Perspectives on Motivation Drive Reduction Theory –Drive an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need –Need a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6 Perspectives on Motivation Drive Reduction Theory –drive reduction theory the theory that a physiological need creates an aroused state (drive) that motivates the organism to satisfy the need –homeostasis the body’s tendency to maintain an equilibrium

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7 Perspectives on Motivation The Psychoanalytic perspective –motivated by sex and aggression The Behavioral perspective –incentives positive or negative stimuli or events that motivate a person’s behavior The Cognitive perspective

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8 Perspectives on Motivation The Humanistic perspective –hierarchy of motives all individuals have five main needs that must be satisfied –self-actualization the motivation to develop one’s full potential as a human being The Sociocultural perspective

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 9 Selected Motives: Hunger physiological factors peripheral factors brain processes –ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) –set point external cues self-control and exercise

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10 Selected Motives: Sex sexual responsiveness –estrogens –androgens cultural and gender influences on arousal the human response cycle

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 11 Selected Motives: Sex

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 12 Selected Motives: Sex Sexual attitudes and behavior Sexual script –traditional religious script –romantic script –the double standard

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 13 Selected Motives: Sex

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 14 Selected Motives: Sex Homosexual attitudes and behavior –bisexual Sex-related problems –psychosexual disorders –psychosexual dysfunctions –incest

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 15 Selected Motives: Sex Paraphilias –fetishism –transvestism –transsexualism –exhibitionism –voyeurism –sadism –masochism –pedophilia Rape –date or acquaintance rape Sexual harassment

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 16 Selected Motives: Competence Competence motivation –the motivation to deal effectively with the environment, to be adept at what we attempt, and to make the world a better place

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 17 Selected Motives: Achievement Achievement motivation Cognitive factors in achievement –formulating achievement attributions attribution theory –intrinsic and extrinsic motivation –goal setting and planning Cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic variations in achievement

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 18 Emotion What is emotion? Emotion –feeling, or affect, that involves a mixture of arousal, conscious experience, and overt behavior Classifying emotions –Wheel models

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 19 Emotion Two-dimensional approach –positive affectivity (PA) happiness –Yerkes-Dodson law –flow –negative affectivity (NA) anger

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 20 Emotion

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 21 Theories of Emotion The James-Lange theory –emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment The Cannon-Bard theory –emotion and physiological states occur simultaneously Cognitive theories –Schachter and Singer’s view

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 22 Distinguishing Emotions The physiology of emotion Polygraph –a machine that is used to try to determine if someone is lying, by monitoring changes in the body thought to be influenced by emotional states

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 23 Sociocultural Influences on Emotion Universality of emotional expressions Variations in emotional expression –display rules sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed Gender influences

Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 24 Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence –emotional self-understanding, managing your own emotions, reading others’ emotions, and handling relationships well