1. Motivation & Emotion
Chapters 12 & 13

2. Motivation
Includes psychological and physiological factors that cause us to act a certain way.
Also defined as a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

3. Motivation Theories Instinct Theory Popular in the early 1900s
William James
Are jealousy, curiosity, cleanliness instincts?
Flaw? Attempts to label and explain behavior using the same terms
Current ideas

4. Motivation Theories Drive Reduction Theory
We do things because we have to fulfill a need (can be psychological or physiological).
Role of Homeostasis
Maintaining a normal, balanced state
Flaw

5. Motivation Theories Arousal Theory
Each of us can be exposed to the same set of stressors and have a different reaction.
Yerkes-Dodson law – The theory that a degree of psychological arousal helps performance, but only up to a certain point.
Maintaining our own optimal level of arousal is key.

6. Motivation Theories
Incentive Theory – stresses the role of the environment in motivating behavior (goals, reinforcers, rewards)
Cognitive Theory
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
Which is best?
Danger…Overjustification

7. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

8. Hunger Nature continued Biological – maintain homeostasis
Insulin/glucose
Thyroxine/Leptin
Lateral hypothalamus (LH) vs. Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)
Set point

9. Hunger Nurture: Psychological Taste Preference: Biology or Culture?
Bored / Stressed – linked with serotonin

10. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Characterized by:
Refusal to eat
Extreme weight loss
Lack of proper nutrition
Fear of gaining weight
Distorted body image
Possible psychological explanations:
Refusal to grow up
Asserting control over their own lives

11. Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Characterized by:
Binge eating followed by purging
Excessive concern about body shape and weight
Hiding purging behaviors
Often experiences depression, anxiety, or mood swings
Possible psychological explanations:
Feelings of alienation
Need for approval

12. Other Motivating Factors
Sexual Motivation
Kinsey
Sexual Response Cycle
(Masters and Johnson)
Sexual Orientation (LeVay)
Hypothalamus

13. Other Motivating Factors
Achievement motivation
Flow
Industrial/Organizational Psych
Satisfaction
Leadership
Task
Social
Theory X and Theory Y

14. Emotions Expressing Emotions results from four occurrences
You must interpret stimulus
Feeling
Physiological response ( rate)
Display behavior

15. Emotions Cross Cultural Facial expressions are universal
Body Language is culturally specific

16. Theories of Emotions James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory
Bodily response (Heart Rate) leads to Emotion (Fear)
Snodgrass and Smile theory
Kasimatis and Frey (frowning experiment)
Cartoon experiment (Strack)
Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotion (Fear) happens at the same time as the bodily response (heart rate)

17. Theories of Emotions Schacter and Singer (Two Factor Theory)
Bodily response (heart rate) along with thinking (I’m afraid) yields the emotional response
Opponent Process Theory (Lazarus)
Sympathetic/Parasympathetic Nervous System

19. Updates to Emotion theories
Le Doux – Emotion can be a reflex (fear pathway)
Two Dimensions of Emotion
Pleasant/Unpleasant (emotional valence)
Low arousal/high arousal

20. Emotion
Polygraph debate
Is it effective?
Alternatives
Brain scans

21. Emotions Fear Anger Happiness Can be adaptive and dangerous Catharsis
Feel good-do good phenomenon
Subjective well-being
Adaptation-level phenomenon
Relative deprivation