BELL WORK DIRECTIONS: DURING THE FIST FIVE MINUTES OF CLASS, ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN YOUR TABLE GROUP. BE PREPARED TO SHARE YOUR ANSWERS WITH THE CLASS. 1)DEFINE EMPIRE WITH YOUR TABLE GROUP (YOU CAN USE YOUR PRIOR KNOWLEDGE, PHONES, OR A DICTIONARY) USING THE WHITE BOARD 2)ANSWER THIS QUESTION WITH YOUR GROUP ON THE WHITE BOARD: DOES THE ROMAN REPUBLIC FIT THE DEFINITION OF AN EMPIRE? WHY OR WHY NOT?

OBJECTIVES I will be able to determine when the Roman Republic fell with evidence I will be able to analyze why the Roman Republic fell

EMPIRE John Green defines an empire with the following characteristics: A unified system of government system Continual military expansion Diverse subjects Example: Alexander the Great’s Empire

GAIUS MARIUS A ‘new man’ Great-great uncle of Julius Casear Elected consul in and BCE Recruited own army of landless citizens Defeated German threat of Cimbri and Teutones in Gual Promised land to recruits Senate refused promise How would the soldiers feel? How does Gaius resemble an emperor?

SULLA Elected consul in 88 BCE Left as a general and defeated King Mithrides in Asia Minor Came to Rome with his army and declared himself dictator Had any opposition killed (labeled them as ‘enemies’) - over 40 Senators and 1600 equites Reformed the constitution ‘Strengthened’ Senate Increased magistrates in provinces Restored the Roman courts Abdicated dictatorship in 79 BCE How do Roman citizens feel? How does Sulla resemble an emperor?

THE END OF THE REPUBLIC? Read “The End of the Republic” reading Take notes in the graphic organizer Senatus Populusque Romanus ("The Senate and People of Rome"

2 MAIN PROBLEMS Needs of ‘empire’ not being met Too many people and corrupt magistrates Generals becoming too powerful Magistrates and senate cannot control generals Soldiers more loyal to generals than the republic

FIRST TRIUMVIRATE – 59 BCE Crassus - Richest patrician, general under Sulla, quelled Spartacus slave revolt Pompey - Patrician, lieutenant of Sulla, best military leader of his time, quelled Spartacus slave revolt Julius Caesar - patrician, educated, expert orator, skilled general

GAUL EXPANSION Caesar became governor of Gaul Expanded Roman land (Central Europe, France) Led two expeditions to Britain Wrote ‘Commentaries’ about his battles Gained soldier and citizen popularity

CAESAR FOR THE WIN First Triumvirate falls in 49 BCE Cassus dies at battle Pompey in Rome, jealous of Caesar’s military accomplishments Pompey forbid Caesar to cross the Rubicon (River between Gaul and Italy) with his army Caesar crossed and defeated Pompey’s military in Spain and Greece Pompey fled to Egypt where assassins killed him

CAESAR IN POWER Became indirect dictator Allies with Egypt (Cleopatra) Extended citizenship to more provinces Founded over 20 colonies to send landless Roman citizens ‘Friends’ Brutus and Cassius organized senators that stabbed him to death on the Ides of March (March 15, 44 BCE) “Et tu, Brute?”

NOW AN EMPIRE? Octavian (Caesar’s grand- nephew/Augustus Caesar), Lepidus, and Marc Antony = Second Triumvirate Civil War between Octavian and Marc Antony Battle of Actium in Greece Marc Antony fled with Cleopatra back to Egypt Augustus won and became “princeps” (first citizen) aka emperor Combined powers of consul and tribunes Has military and civil authority

EXIT TICKET When do you think Rome officially became an empire? Why? (Use the definitions we discussed in class)

HOMEWORK Read and annotate the biography of Julius Caesar