1. TO TRACE THE EVENTS THAT LEAD ROME FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE BY LOOKING AT THE RISE AND FALL OF JULIUS CEASAR

2. * CIVIL WAR ENSUES FOR THE NEXT 50 YEARS AFTER THE ABDICATION OF SULLA IN 79BCE * HISTORY OF LATE REPUBLIC ONE OF POWER STRUGGLES AMONG ROMES MOST FAMOUS * SULLAS EFFORTS TO RESTORE CONSTITUTION UNSUCCESSFUL * REPUBLIC DOOMED WHEN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS FAILED TO MEET NEEDS OF EXPANSION AND WHEN SOLDIERS & GENERALS NO LONGER LOYAL TO STATE

3. * POMPEY (106-48BCE) ALLY OF SULLA MILITARY APPT. IN SPAIN 77BCE RETURNS TO ROME A HERO 71BCE THREATENS REBELLION UNLESS SENATE LETS HIM RUN FOR CONSUL * CRASSUS (112-53BCE) AMBITIOUS POLITICIAN, RICH PUT DOWN SPARTACUS REBELLION 73BCE SET ASIDE DIFFERENCES & BECOME CO-CONSULS 70BCE

4. * UNDID WORK OF SULLA * RESTORE POWER TO POPULARES, TRIBUNES & EQUITES * POMPEY OFF TO THE EAST & RETURNS W/ MEN VICTORIOUS BUT LAND NOT AVAILABLE * CICERO CONSUL 63BCE – NOT A MILITARY MAN & CLEARLY ONE IS NEEDED * SEES THAT COOPERATION AMONG SENATE & EQUESTRIANS IMPORTANT * SENATE NOT A FAN OF POMPEY * PERHAPS A 3 RD ALTERNATIVE

5. SPOKESMAN FOR THE POPULARES UNCLE WAS MARIUS WORKED HIS WAY UP THROUGH THE MILITARY RANKS 1 ST IN SPAIN COMBINES RESOURCES W/ CRASSUS & POMPEY FIRST TRIUMVIRATE ELECTED CONSUL 59BCE & USES POPULAR ASSEMBLY TO ACHIEVE GOALS OF THE TRIUMVIRATE LAND FOR VETS, LOWER TAXES FOR EQUITES, SPECIAL COMMISSION IN GAUL GOVERNOR OF GAUL 58BCE & CONQUERED ALL OF IT BY 50BCE

7. * JC SUCCESSFUL IN GAUL & REAFFIRMS IMPORTANCE OF MILITARY EXPERIENCE IN LEADERS * 55BCE CONSULS AGAIN & MORE BENEFITS FOR THE TRIUMVIRATE * JC 5 MORE YEARS IN GAUL * CRASSUS – SYRIA (DIES) * POMPEY – SPAIN * COMPETITION B/W JC & POMPEY * SENATE FAVORS POMPEY * JC TOLD TO LAY DOWN ARMS & RETURN TO ROME – NOT WHAT SOLDIERS DO * CROSSES RUBICON, ENTERS ROME 1/10/49BCE & POMPEY FLED TO GREECE & JC FOLLOWS, POMPEY DIES & JC RETURNS TRIUMPHANT

8. * 47BCE DICTATOR – UNWILLING TO GIVE UP POWER, INFLUENCE & WEALTH – REPUBLIC GONE FOREVER * REFORMS MADE AT EXPENSE OF OLD CONSTITUTION * EXTEND CITIZENSHIP TO MANY PROVINCIALS * MANY VETS, POOR & UNEMPLOYED SENT TO MED. COLONIES * FOUNDED NEW COLONIES WHICH HELPED ROMANIZE EMPIRE * EMPIRE OF CITIZENS NOT SUBJECTS * 44BCE APPOINTED DICTATOR FOR LIFE BUT NOT EVERYONE HAPPY * GENEROUS LEADER, PARDONED MANY, REPLACED CALENDAR W/ EGYPTIAN SOLAR YEAR (JULIAN CALENDAR BY 1582) * IDES OF MARCH – ET TU BRUTE? ASSASSINATED & SET OFF ANOTHER ROUND OF CIVIL WAR * OCTAVIAN REPLACES HIS GREAT UNCLE