1. Crisis of the Republic

2. The Expanse of the Roman “Republic”

3. The Rise of Rome and the Fall of the Republic Era of the Generals –Gaius Marius –Lucius Cornelius Sulla –Pompey “Magnus” –Marcus Licinius Crassus First Triumvirate: Crassus, Pompey, & Caesar Private arrangement to seize power

4. War’s Effects on Government Failure of Republican values and institutions –Military success overcomes civilian values –133-121 BC: the Gracchi and Populist Reforms –2 nd century BC: Era of Generals –Rivalry-Sulla versus Marius –The Social War, 91-87 BC –Threats to Republican Stability

5. The Era of the Generals and the Loss of Republican Ideals Gaius Marius (157-86 BC) Client Armies Social War (91-87 BC) Dispute over citizenship Rome wins, but grants rights to non-Romans Sulla (138-78 BC) March on Rome –Consul 88 BC Civil War 83 BC Appointed Dictator--82-79 BC Suppression of Traditional Rights Proscription (publishing a notice) Sulla

6. The Rise of Rome and the Fall of the Republic Era of the Generals –Gaius Marius –Lucius Cornelius Sulla –Gnaeus Pompey –Gaius Julius Caesar –Marcus Licinius Crassus –First Triumvirate:  Crassus, Pompey & Caesar

7. Great Generals don’t make Great Republics Gnaeus Pompey (106-48 BC) Follower of Sulla Triumph and Popularity Eradicates pirates in Mediterranean 70 BC: Consul at only 36 years Victory in Asia Minor & defeat of Seleucid Empire by 64 BC “Stop quoting the laws to us. We carry swords!” Returns to Rome 62 BC; rebuffed by Senate

8. Three’s a Crowd The First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar (60 BC) The First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar (60 BC) Death of Julia in 54 BC Death of Julia in 54 BC And then there were two: Crassus killed in 53 BC And then there were two: Crassus killed in 53 BC “The die is cast” “The die is cast” Julius Caesar’s march on Rome (49) “Crossing the Rubicon” and civil war (49-45) Julius Caesar’s march on Rome (49) “Crossing the Rubicon” and civil war (49-45) Pompey’s Run from Rome and his murder in Egypt in 48 BC Pompey’s Run from Rome and his murder in Egypt in 48 BC

9. Caesar’s Conquest of Gaul Surrender of Vercingetorix at Alesia Surrender of Vercingetorix at Alesia

10. Caesar’s Sole-rule 48 BC: Self-Appointed Dictator 45 BC:End of Civil War 44 BC: Self appointment for life “I am not a king” His Powers and Reforms: Maintains Republican forms Public Works, cheap grain Soldiers’ colonies Revival of trade: Corinth & Carthage Expands citizenship Forgives enemies (who become his clients) Caesar was the first living individual to have a coin depicting him

11. The Ides of March The Ides of March 15 March 44 BC Conspiracy to assassinate Caesar led by Brutus (85-42 B.C.), Caesar’s client and friend

12. Death of Caesar, 44 BC

13. Power Struggle Brutus and Cassius vs. Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus Victory of Second Triumvirate by 42 BC Victory of Octavian by 30 BC Death of the Republic