1. Change from Republic to Empire

2. Attempted Reforms Significant disparity between rich and poor. Latifundia – huge land holding of rich Poor moved off land and into city – No work – Rich used slaves. Tiberius and Gaius Graccus (Pleb Tribunes) attempt reforms –Tiberius – demands land reforms – killed –Gaius institute grain doles -- Killed

3. Civil War!! General Marius and subordinate Sulla Marius – reforms – very popular – Consul 7x in a row Sulla – Status quo – becomes consul – sent to Asia Minor to put down revolt Marius supporters attempt coup Sulla returns to quell revolt – Civil War Sulla wins, becomes Dictator for life

4. First Triumvirate Illegal division of power among three political rivals in Rome. Pompey – popular general who put down revolt in Spain Crassus – Puts down slave revolt in Italy –Sparticus – Leads army of 60,000 When defeated, 6000 crucified along Appian way Julius Caesar – Popular general

5. Rise of Caesar Caesar returns to Gaul as Governor Pompey becomes sole consul of Rome Pompey fears Caesar, demands return to Rome Caesar returns…with Army

6. Caesar Continued Caesar battle tested army defeats Pompey’s rookie army in Greece Pompey flees to Egypt and it executed. Caesar presented P’s pickled head

7. Dictator and Death Becomes “Dictator for 10 years” and later for life. Permanently controls army, Sacro-sanct, “Paterpatriae” Reduces doles, intense colonization, changes calendar

8. Beware of the Ides of March Senate fears Caesar as a dictator or tyrant. Senators assassinate him on March 15 th, 44 BC Stabbed 23 times “Et tu, Brute?” Sends Rome into disarray.

9. Civil Part Deux Civil war erupts between supporters of the republic and supporters of Caesar. Three supporters of Caesar prevail: Octavian (C’s Nephew), Lepidus (politician), & Marc Antony (General)

10. Second Triumvirate Legal division of power of Roman Empire Lasts 10 Years Octavian forces Lepidus to retire Oct and Antony Rivals Antony falls in love Cleopatra Octavian defeats Antony at naval battle of Actium

11. First Emperor Octavian unchallenged ruler of Rome Changes name to “Augustus” or exalted one. Takes on “Sacro Sanct, Paterpatire, and Imperator (Emperor). The start of the Pax Romana – Peace of Rome