+ Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives Lesson XXX Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect Tense + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

Perfect System The PERFECT SYSTEM of Latin verbs has 3 tenses: Perfect Pluperfect (aka “past perfect”) Future perfect

Perfect Tense System The perfect system gets its name because all 3 tenses use the “perfect stem.” Perfect stem: 3rd principal part of the verb minus –i. Remember “i surgery!” 

Perfect Tense Review i -imus isti -istis it -erunt We’ve already learned the perfect tense. Perfect tense translates I verbed, I did verb, I have verbed. i -imus isti -istis it -erunt

Pluperfect/Past Perfect Tense The pluperfect, or past perfect, tense refers to an action that was completed before a certain time in the past. e.g.: He had gone. (before something else happened) He had gone to the store before his mom could tell him they needed milk. Past perfect/pluperfect tense is always translated in English with the helping verb HAD.

Forming Pluperfect/Past Perfect

Add the letters “era” to the perfect stem. Example: amavera- Add the personal endings. -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt

Amaveram Amaveramus Amaveras Amaveratis Amaverat Amaverant I had loved Singular Plural 1st person Amaveram I had loved Amaveramus We had loved 2nd person Amaveras You had loved Amaveratis Y’all had loved 3rd person Amaverat He/she/it had loved Amaverant They had loved

duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead Singular Plural 1st dux dux 2nd dux dux 3rd dux dux eram erat eras eramus erant eratis

Future Perfect Tense The future perfect tense refers to an action completed before a certain time in the future. e.g.: He will have gone. (before something else will happen) He already will have gone to the store before his mom can tell him they’re out of milk. Future perfect tense is always translated in English with the helping verbs WILL HAVE.

Forming Future Perfect

Add the personal endings Add the personal endings. (Use the same ones you used for the pluperfect, but just use –o in instead of –im/-io for 1st person singular.) -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt

Amo, amare, amavi, amatus Amavero Amaverimus Amaveris Amaveritis Singular Plural 1st person Amavero I will have loved Amaverimus We will have loved 2nd person Amaveris You will have loved Amaveritis Y’all will have loved 3rd person Amaverit h/s/i will have loved Amaverint They will have loved

doceo, docere, docui, doctus---teach Singular Plural 1st docu docu 2nd docu docu 3rd docu docu ero erit eris erimus erint eritis

Your Turn! What are the tenses of the following verbs? afuimus produxerat retinuisti noverunt processerimus amiseratis docebas

Your turn! Give the past perfect (pluperfect) tense chart for lego, legere, lexi, lectus: choose. Give the future perfect tense chart for facio, facere, feci, factus: make.

Substantive Adjectives Sometimes adjectives can be used as nouns. Why do the good die young? The few, the proud, the Marines. The best is yet to be. When an adjective is used in place of a noun, it’s called a substantive adjective.

Substantive Adjectives Remember that adjectives have 3 genders: masculine, feminine, neuter. bonus, bona, bonum Because they already have 3 gender forms, they can easily be subbed for nouns like man, woman, and thing.

Substantive Adjectives bonus: good man bona: good woman bonum: good thing The words use 1st and 2nd declension noun endings like the ones you’ve already learned.

Substantive Adjectives boni: good men (or “people”…masculine was used when referring to mixed groups) bonae: good women bona: good things remember neuter plural nom/acc end in –a like feminine singulars! So, “bona” could be “the good woman” or “good things”

Substantive Adjectives miser, misera, miserum Miser est meus amicus. The poor man is my friend. Misera ad silvam ambulat. The poor woman walks to the forest. Miserum non amamus. We do not like the unhappy thing.

Your Turn! a good man bona the truth (a true thing) nostri many people many things our men goods misfortune (a bad thing) bad people poor woman my things bona nostri mea bonus misera malum multi verum mali multa