1. Verb Review: Perfect System
2014

2. Perfect System Tense Review

3. The perfect stem is the third principal part – i.
Finding the Perfect Stem
Find the third principal part of the verb.
duco
ducere
duxi
doctus
The perfect stem is the third principal part – i.
duxi
- i =
dux

4. Perfect Active Tense i imus istis isti erunt it
The present active tense = Present Stem + Present Active Endings
Singular
Plural
First Person i I
imus we
istis
Second Person
isti
you
you
he, she, it
erunt
they
Third Person it
Perfect Active Endings

5. Perfect Active dux i dux imus dux istis dux isti dux dux erunt it
First Person
dux i
I led I have led I did lead
dux
imus
We led We have led We did lead
You led You have led You did lead
Second
Person
dux
istis
dux
isti
You led You have led You did lead
Third Person
dux it
dux
erunt
They led They have led They did lead
He led He has led He did lead
Perfect Active

6. Perfect Passive Tense 4th PP + Present Tense of “sum” Perfect Passive
ductus – a - um
sum
I have been led
ductus – a - um es
You have been led
ductus –a -um
est
He has been led
ducti –ae -a
sumus
We have been led
You have been led
ducti –ae –a
estis
They have been led
ducti – ae -a
sunt

7. Past Perfect/Pluperfect Tense
had
-ERA-
had
-ERA-
had
had
had
-ERA-

8. E. Rat HAD the flu last winter.

9. Past Perfect/Pluperfect Tense
had
-ERA-
had
-ERA-
had
had
had
-ERA-

10. Past Perfect/Pluperfect Active Tense
Perfect Stem
+ era
+ Personal Endings
I had led
dux
era m
You had led
dux
era s
He had led
dux
era t
dux
era
mus
We had led
dux
era
tis
You had led nt
dux
They had led
era

11. Past Perfect/Pluperfect Passive Tense
4th PP
+ imperfect Tense of Sum
ductus – a - um
eram
I had been led
ductus – a - um
eras
You had been led
ductus –a -um
erat
He had been led
We had been led
ducti –ae -a
eramus
ducti –ae –a
eratis
You had been led
ducti – ae -a
erant
They had been led

12. Future Perfect Active Tense
Perfect Stem
+ eri
+ Present Endings
Pluperfect Active
dux er o
I will have led
dux
eri s
You will have led
dux
eri t
He will have led
dux
eri
mus
We will have led
You will have led
dux
eri
tis
They will have led
dux
eri nt

13. Future Perfect Passive Tense
PPP
+ Future Tense of Sum
Future Perfect Passive Tense
ductus – a - um
ero
I will have been led
ductus – a - um
eris
You will have been led
ductus –a -um
erit
He will have been led
ducti –ae -a
erimus
We will have been led
You will have been led
ducti –ae –a
eritis
They will have been led
ducti – ae -a
erunt

14. Perfect Passive System
1. Uses the fourth principal part which is called the perfect passive participle (PPP).
amo, amare, amavi, amatus. -a. -um
2. The perfect passive participle (PPP) is a verbal adjective and must agree with the subject of the sentence.
If the subject is puella (feminine singular), the PPP will be ducta.
If the subject is puellae (feminine plural), the PPP will be ductae.
If the subject is vir (masculine singular), the PPP will be ductus.
If the subject is viri (masculine plural), the PPP will be ducti.
If the subject is oppidum (neuter singular), the PPP will be ductum.
If the subject is oppida (neuter plural), the PPP will be ducta.