1. PERFECT / PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT
PASSIVE VOICE
PERFECT / PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT

2. How to form the perfect passive
Use the 4th principal part.
Make the ending the 4th principal part agree with the subject of the verb.
Use the present tense forms of sum as a separate helping verb

3. How to form the perfect passive
The translations for the perfect passive are: was ed were ed have been ed has been ed

4. Here is what it looks like in Latin
laudatus sum – I have been praised, I was praised laudatus es – you have been praised, you were praised laudatus est – he has been praised, he was laudati sumus – we have been praised, we laudati estis – you have been praised, you laudati sunt – they have been praised, they

5. There are several things to be confused about. Pay attention!
What does it mean to say: “make the 4th principal part agree with the subject”?

6. What IS the 4th principal part
The 4th principal part is the perfect passive participle of the verb. Participles are verbs that function as adjectives.

7. Here are some examples in English of perfect passive participles
The wounded soldiers still fought bravely. We never found the stolen money The cities destroyed in the war will be rebuilt

8. Participles are ADJECTIVES
Since the perfect passive participle is an adjective, it must agree with what it modifies. Since the perfect passive participle is being used to help form the perfect passive verb, it must agree with the SUBJECT and so MUST be NOMINATIVE

9. The 4th principal part is a 1st-2nd declension adjective
When the 4th principal part is being used to form the perfect passive tense these are the options for the endings: -us if the subject is masculine, singular -i if the subject is masculine plural -a if the subject is feminine singular -ae if the subject is feminine plural -um if the subject is neuter singular -a if the subject is neuter plural

10. Look at these to help clarify
Rex interfectus est – the king has been killed Regina interfecta est – the queen has been Urbs oppugnata est – the city has been attacked Urbes aedificatae sunt – the cities have been built

11. The other confusing thing is the form of sum is present tense, but you do not translate it as a present tense
Urbs aedificata est The city has been built or The city was built Milites capti sunt The soldiers have been captured or The soldiers were captured

12. Look at these two sets. Notice how the form of sum is in a different tense in each set
PRESENT TENSE Rex est malus The king is bad. Sumus laeti We are happy
PERFECT TENSE Rex interfectus est The king has been killed or The king was killed Sumus moniti We have been warned or we were warned

13. How to tell the difference
PRESENT TENSE
NO 4th principal part
Vita est bona
Life is good
PERFECT TENSE (PASSIVE)
4TH principal part
Pecunia est capta
The money has been stolen

14. Let’s start by translating perfect passive forms
demonstratum est
moniti sumus
oppugnati estis
sum feritus
sum ferita
pecunia capta est
servi liberati sunt
ancillae iussae sunt

15. NOTA BENE
It does not matter if the form of sum or the 4th principal part comes first. sum monitus or monitus sum The ending of the 4th principal part may determine the gender of the translation Est monitus- he has been warned Est monita – she has been warned

16. Exercitus superatus est. Epistula scripta est Territa est
Try some more
Exercitus superatus est.
Epistula scripta est
Territa est
Convocatus est
Urbs est occupata

17. Ab and a word in the ablative
Remember that with a passive verb the prepositon ab is used and is translated as by This is called the ablative of agent.

18. Try these Exercitus ab hoste superatus est.
Naves ab nautis navigatae sunt.
Epistula ab mea matre scripta est.
Ab poetis fabula narrata est.
Rex ab militibus custoditus est.

19. Let’s try English to Latin
He has been helped
They have been captured
It was attacked
The money has been stolen
We were sent
You (pl) have been protected
The slaves have been sold

20. ANSWERS iutus est capti sunt (or captae sunt or capta sunt)
est oppugnatum
pecunia est capta
sumus missi (or sumus missae)
defensi estis (or defensae estis)
servi venditi sunt

21. Don’t forget
It does not matter if the form of sum is written before or after the 4th principal part.
The ending of the 4th principal part must agree with the subject.

22. Last of the Review Verbs
Go to my webpage and print out the last of the verb review vocabulary. OR Print out the list that has all the verbs on it. Do both. I will focus on the list that has the last set for the next week and then any verb is fair to use

23. PLUPERFECT Use the 4th principal part.
Make the ending the 4th principal part agree with the subject of the verb.
Use the imperfect tense forms of eram as a separate helping verb.
Translate as:
had been -----ed

24. EXAMPLES
monitus eram – I had been warned monitus eras – you had been warned monitus erat – he had been warned moniti eramus – we had been warned moniti eratis - you had been warned moniti erant - they had been warned

25. Write down a prediction for the future perfect

26. Future Perfect Use the 4th principal part.
Make the ending the 4th principal part agree with the subject of the verb.
Use the future tense forms of ero as a separate helping verb.
Translate as:
will have been -----ed

27. Examples monitus ero – I will have been warned
monitus eris – you will have been warned
monitus erit – he will have been warned
moniti erimus – we will have been warned
moniti eritis - you will have been warned
moniti erunt - they will have been warned