1. Passive Voice Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect

2. Voice There are two options for voice in both English and Latin: active and passive Active: the subject does the action Passive: the action is done by the subject The girl has seen the boy. The boy has been seen by the girl

3. Perfect Passive English TranslationLatin I have been preparedparatus sum You have been prepared paratus es He/She has been prepared paratus est We have been prepared parati sumus You all have been prepared parati estis They have been prepared parati sunt The perfect passive is formed using the fourth principal part of the verb plus the present tense form of sum. This tense is best translated as ‘has/have been ______ed’ Let’s look at the verb paro, parare, paravi, paratus... Note that the fourth part is the perfect passive participle and must agree with the subject in case, number, and gender (our example is in the nominative masculine)

4. Pluperfect Passive English TranslationLatin I had been preparedparatus eram You had been prepared paratus eras He/She had been prepared paratus erat We had been prepared parati eramus You all had been prepared parati eratis They had been prepared parati erant The pluperfect passive is formed using the fourth principal part of the verb plus the imperfect tense form of sum. This tense is best translated as ‘had been ______ed’ Let’s look at the verb paro, parare, paravi, paratus... Note that the fourth part is the perfect passive participle and must agree with the subject in case, number, and gender (our example is in the nominative masculine)

5. Future Perfect Passive English TranslationLatin I will have been prepared paratus ero You will have been prepared paratus eris He/She will have been prepared paratus erit We will have been prepared parati erimus You all will have been prepared parati eritis They will have been prepared parati erunt The future perfect passive is formed using the fourth principal part of the verb plus the future tense form of sum. This tense is best translated as ‘will have been ______ed’ Let’s look at the verb paro, parare, paravi, paratus... Note that the fourth part is the perfect passive participle and must agree with the subject in case, number, and gender (our example is in the nominative masculine)

6. Summary These tenses all use the fourth principal part plus a form of sum The fourth part is part adjective, so it must agree with the subject of the verb