1. First and Second Conjugation Verbs Principal Parts Properties of Verbs: Number, Person, Tense, and Stem The Infinitive Subject and Verb Agreement Latin One: Chapter Two

2. First and Second Conjugation Verbs: Principal Parts (pg. 18) Conjugation- a group of verbs All verbs in Latin typically have four principal parts. The first principal part is the 1 st person singular in the present tense. The second principal part is the present active infinitive of that verb. This second principal part also indicates the conjugation to which a verb belongs. All verbs that end in an – āre in the second principal part belong to the 1 st conjugation. All verbs that end in an – ēre in the second principal part belong to the 2 nd conjugation. E.g. am ō, am ā re, am ā v ī, am ā tus-a-um – to love E.g. Hab ē o, hab ē re, habu ī, hab ī tus-a-um- to have/hold

3. Tense and Stem Tense = Time. In Latin there are six tenses. However, in this chapter we will only be learning the first; the present tense. Tense is indicated by a set of endings. To find the stem of the verb for the present tense, you remove the last three letters from the second principal part, the infinitive. E.g. am ō, am ā re, am ā v ī, am ā tus-a-um – to love E.g. Hab ē o, hab ē re, habu ī, hab ī tus-a-um- to have/hold Stem = am- and hab-

4. Person and Number Once the stem is found, you then can fully conjugate any verb by then adding on the personal endings. Person- Indicates the subject of the verb (i.e. 1 st, 2 nd, or 3 rd person). Number- Indicates whether the subject is singular or plural. 1 st Singular- “I” 2 nd Singular- “you” 3 rd Singular- “he/she/it or any singular noun in the nominative case” 1 st Plural- “We” 2 nd Plural- “you all” 3 rd Plural- “They or any plural noun in the nominative case”

5. Personal Endings Thus, here are the Latin personal endings for the present tense SingularPlural First Person- ō “I”-mus“We” Second Person-S“You”-tis“You all” Third Person-t“He/She/It”-nt“They”

6. Conjugating a Verb Step 1: Determine the conjugation of the verb Step 2: Find the Stem Step 3: Add the Linking Vowel Step 4: Add the personal Endings Step 5: Translate each Verb

7. Conjugating a Verb: Step 1: Determine the Conjugation of the Verb Remember! If the verb ends in – āre, then that verb belongs to the 1 st conjugation. Remember! If the verb ends in – ēre, then that verb belongs to the 2nd conjugation.

8. Conjugating a Verb: Step 2: Find the Stem Remember to find the stem of the verb you simply remove the last three letters of the infinitive. am ō, am ā re, am ā v ī, am ā tus-a-um – to love Stem = am-

9. Conjugating a Verb: Step 3: Add the Linking Vowel For all 1 st Conjugation Verbs, the linking vowel is an a For all 2 nd Conjugation Verbs, the linking vowel is an e N.B. THE FIRST PERSON SINGULAR HAS NO LINKING VOWEL!!! IT ONLY HAS A STEM AND THE PERSONAL ENDING!!! am ō, am ā re, am ā v ī, am ā tus-a-um – to love Stem= am + Linking Vowel= ama

10. Conjugating a Verb: Step 4: Add the personal endings SingularPlural First Personam ō amamus Second Personamasamatis Third Personamatamant REMEMBER THAT THERE IS NO LINKING VOWEL IN THE 1 ST PERSON SINGULAR!!!

11. Conjugating a Verb: Step 5: Translate each verb SingularPlural First Personam ō amamus “ I love”“We love” Second Personamasamatis “You love”“You all love” Third Personamatamant “He/She/It loves”“They love”

12. 2 nd Conjugation- e linking vowel SingularPlural First Persontene ō tenemus “ I hold”“We hold” Second Persontenestenetis “You hold” “You all hold” Third Persontenettenent “He/She/It holds”“They hold” HOWEVER, THERE IS AN E LINKING VOWEL IN THE 1 ST PERSON SINGULAR FOR 2 ND CONJUGATINO VERBS!!!

13. Translating the Present Tense There are several ways that you can translate a present tense verb from Latin into English E.g. Am ō = I love, I am loving, I do love

14. The Infinitive Remember that the infinitive is the second principal part of the verb. It is used to determine the conjugation of the verb and its stem. However, the infinitive also has a grammatical function. In English, an infinitive is simply to + verb. E.g. to love, to swim, to read, etc. Thus, am ā re would be translated as to love.

15. Subject Verb Agreement Just like in English, in Latin subjects and verbs must agree in number. E.g. Puella f ā bulam n ā rrat Since the subject is nominative singular, so must the verb be singular. E.g.Puellae f ā bul ā s n ā rrant Since the subject is nominative plural, so must the verb be plural

16. The Subject is always in the Verb Remember that in Latin the subject is always found in the verb which is indicated by the personal endings. The only time that you can have a noun in the nominative case as the subject in the sentence is if the verb is 3 rd person.

17. Vocabulary to Learn (pg. 19) When learning verbs in Latin, not only must you know the denotation of that verb, but also its principal parts. But here is a way to help you remember: Typically 1 st conjugation verbs end in: – ō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus-a-um Typically 2 nd conjugation verbs end in: - ō, ē re, u ī, ī tus-a-um