1. “SUM”
Latin I
Dec. 2-6, 2013

2. “SUM” “Sum” is the “to be” verb.
Like other languages, including English, “sum” is an irregular verb in Latin.
Let’s look at “be” in English first. See how its forms are all different in the singular?
Singular
Plural
I am
We are
You are
Y’all are
He/she/it is
They are

3. “SUM” sum, esse, fui, futurus: to be
“Sum” has 4 principal parts, but they look very different than “regular” verbs’ parts.
sum, esse, fui, futurus: to be
There’s no –re to drop to make a “stem.”
Since there’s no stem, you must learn the charts “whole.”

4. Present Tense: SUM text p. 109
Singular
Plural
sum I am
sumus we are
es you are
estis y’all are
est he/she/ it is
sunt they are
These are stand-alone words, not endings.

5. “SUM” in action! Nauta sum. Est regina. Es agricola bonus. Sunt mali.
Sumus parvi.
Estis reginae.
I am a sailor.
She is a queen.
You are a good farmer.
They are bad.
We are small.
Y’all are queens.

6. Imperfect Tense: ERAM text p. 181
Singular
Plural
eram I was
eramus we were
eras you were
eratis y’all were
erat he/she/ it was
erant they were
These are stand-alone words, not endings.

7. “ERAM” in action! Nauta eram. Erat regina. Eras agricola bonus.
Erant mali.
Eramus parvi.
Eratis reginae.
I was a sailor.
She was a queen.
You were a good farmer.
They were bad.
We were small.
Y’all were queens.

8. Future Tense: ERO text p. 127 (1st chart only)
Singular
Plural
ero I will be
erimus we will be
eris you will be
eritis y’all will be
erit he/she/ it will be
erunt they will be
These are stand-alone words, not endings.

9. “ERO” in action! Nauta ero. Erit servus. Eris agricola bonus.
Erunt laeti (happy).
Numerus erit parvus.
Victoria erit grata.
I will be a sailor.
He will be a slave.
You will be a good farmer.
They will be happy.
The number will be small.
Victory will be pleasing.