1. The Perfect Tense – Lesson XII

2. Learning Objectives To learn how to form the ‘perfect stem’, which will allow you to conjugate verbs in the perfect tense To gain an understanding of uses of the perfect tense To recognize the verb endings used for the perfect tense To learn the formation of perfect tense verbs by combining the perfect stem with the perfect endings.

3. Nouns in Latin What tells us how they are used in the sentence? Sing declension endings song.

4. Verbs in Latin What do the endings of verbs tell us? Conjugate a verb – go around room.

5. Examples Write 2 sentences about something that happened in the past (in English). Share some examples.

6. Was the action in your sentences completed in the past? The perfect tense is used to show the past, specifically actions which have been completed! Examples We rode the horse. We have ridden the horse. We walked to school. We have walked to school Viam spectavimus. (We looked at the road or We have looked at the road.)

7. Formula for Finding the Perfect Stem in EVERY Conjugation The perfect stem is found in the 3 rd principal part of the verb by dropping the –i ending. The 3 rd principal part as given in the vocabulary is the perfect first person singular form of the verb. NOTE: (Verbs of the 1st Conjugation have a very ‘regular’ pattern for the 4 principal parts. Knowing this means you can follow the pattern for 1 st conjugation verbs and not memorize each principal part for this conjugation only!) The pattern is: amo, amare, amavi, amatus porto, porarte, portavi, portatus, etc.

8. Conjugating Perfect Tense Remove the –i ending from the 3 rd principal part and add these endings: -i-imus -isti-istis -isti-istis -it-erunt -it-erunt Perfect Tense Word – Conjugated amaviamavimus amavistiamavistis amavitamaverunt

9. 2 nd Conjugation Verbs – also use perfect stem + perfect endings. The stem for 2 nd conjugation verbs is the 3 rd principal part. The –i ending changes to –u- in the 3 rd person plural. Example: debeo, debere, debui, debitus (use of underline substituting for macron here) debuidebuimus debuistidebuistis debuitdebuerunt

10. Practice - sentences Complete 2 sentences in section A. (may do more if we have time!)