T HE B EGINNINGS OF I NDUSTRIALIZATION Section 1 Ch. 25

A GRICULTURAL R EVOLUTION Landowners experimented with more productive seeding and harvesting methods. Jethro Tull-Invented seed drill in 1701; allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths Crop rotation- did not exhaust the soil of its nutrients

A GRICULTURAL R EVOLUTION Live stock breeder, Robert Bakewell, increased his flock by only allowing the best animals to breed. Other breeders followed this example, which increased the food supply.

I NDUSTRIALIZATION IN E NGLAND 1. Abundant natural resources including: water power and coal to fuel the new machines. iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings. rivers for inland transportation. harbors from which merchant ships set sail.

I NDUSTRIALIZATION IN E NGLAND 2. An expanding economy also supported industrialization Business people invested in the new inventions. 3. A highly developed banking system which encouraged people to take out loans 4. Political stability created a positive attitude and new laws were passed to protect business ventures

F ACTORS OF P RODUCTION Def: resources needed to produce goods and services. They are land, labor, and capital (wealth).

T EXTILE I NVENTIONS James Hargreaves- invented the spinning jenny which allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time.

● Richard Arkwright- invented the water frame which used waterpower to drive spinning wheels. T EXTILE I NVENTIONS

● Edmund Cartwright- invented the power loom which sped up the weaving process

T EXTILE I NVENTIONS ● Eli Whitney- invented the cotton gin which multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned.

I MPROVEMENTS IN T RANSPORTATION James Watt joined with entrepreneur Matthew Boulton who paid him a salary to build better steam engines Robert Fulton, an American inventor, bought a Watt steam engine to build the first steamboat, the Clermont John McAdam improved roads by layering small crushed rocks on top of large rocks for drainage

T HE R AILWAY A GE B EGINS Railroad engineer George Stephenson opened the world’s first railroad line in 1825 RRs soon spread throughout England and had four major effects: ● 1. Cheap transportation ● 2. Hundreds of thousands of new jobs ● 3. Boosted agricultural and fishing industries ● 4. Made traveling easier