1. The Beginning of Industrialization

2. Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain Industrial Revolution – greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle of the 1700s England was originally made up of shires which were populated by small, village landowners – Larger land owners started to buy up these smaller farms in order to get more money in return for the land Worked because it was more efficient for the larger landowners to work the whole plot instead of having a bunch of people farming smaller plots

3. Agricultural Revolution After buying up the land, the wealthy would enclose it with fences or hedges – called enclosures – We think about farming today and only think about these enclosures, how many farms can you think of that do not have some kind of fence or marking to let you know where it starts and ends? The buying up of this land had two very important outcomes: – Allowed land owners to start experimenting with crop growing on a large scale People had already been doing this before (Middle Ages, under the Normans) but this is the first time on a wide scale – Forced land-owners to become tenant farmers or to move into the cities (this will become really important for factories) Jethro Tull was one of these experimenters – Invented the seed drill which allowed farmers to sow seeds in well- spaced rows at specific depths Before this people would just throw the seed out and hope it would take root, why do you think this would be ineffective?

4. Rotating Crops and Livestock Genetics This was a method that was taken from the Medieval period – Three-field system One year, you would plant a crop like wheat that would exhaust the soil because it needed a lot of nutrients from the soil The next year you would plant a root crop to restore the nutrients Then the third year, you would plant something like barley or clover – not hard on the soil but allowed for nutrients to work their way back in This was done in three different fields Robert Bakewell figured he could increase his sheep yield (mutton) by only allowing his best sheep to breed – This worked and other people caught on – increased the average weight for lamb from 18 lbs to 50 lbs! – This increased the amount of food and cloth available to the population of England This decreased the price of mutton and allowed more people to buy it which caused the population to explode All this also helped to force through these large farms as more wealthy people tried to get in on the agricultural and animal boom

5. Why England? Large population Many different natural resources – Industrialization – process of developing machine production goods – needs many resources – Types of natural resources: Water power Coal Iron ore Rivers Harbors Expanding economy thanks to the British control of India and vast other colonies which were required to buy British goods – Bank loans were being uses – meant more people could borrow money to buy machines Also a stable country – did not have the rebellions of France or the issues of unification of German or Italy – Parliament passed laws to encourage and protect businesses (usually at the expense of the workers or natives) Britain had all the factors of production (land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship) to make the Industrial revolution possible

6. Inventions Spur Industrialization Before the revolution there was something called a cottage industry in textiles This meant that wool from one person would be sold to another person (who worked from home – hence cottage) who would make it into weave able thread The thread was sold to someone who would weave it into cloth The cloth was then given to someone who would sow it into clothing – This is a slow process that also made the cloth much more expensive so when you have invention that make this process faster, it also makes it cheaper Meaning more people can buy so it makes more people wealthy

7. Changes in Textiles John Kay (1733) – flying shuttle – Shuttle that moved back and forth on wheels – Made it much easier for weavers to do work because they did not have to weave by hand – a machine did the work – Traditional weavers could not keep up with the new weavers This also made people want to buy the new machines James Hargreaves (1764) – Spinning Jenny – Spinning wheel that allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time

8. Changes in Textiles Richard Arkwright (1769) – water frame – Used waterpower from streams to drive spinning wheels – so the spinning was not done by hand anymore Samuel Compton (1779) – spinning mule – Combination of the spinning jenny and water frame – Made thread stronger, finer, and more consistent

9. Changes in Textiles These machines were bulky so it was difficult to put one in your house and they needed water to run efficiently so if you didn’t live by a river you were also in trouble Wealthy merchants started buying factories to store the machines in They also started to buy more cotton from America and India – Eli Whitney (1793) – cotton gin Cleaned cotton faster and more effectively

10. Improvements in Transportation Before the revolution, coal was the major source of power for England – Problem was you had to use coal to mine coal, so you needed more coal to make coal – Steam-powered pumps were used to remove water from mine shafts but it took a lot of coal to power those pumps People started to look for an easier way – James Watt (1765) – steam engine Figured out a way to make the steam engine work faster and burn less fuel – the separate condenser Basically, he figured out the loss of latent heat (heat used to change the state of a substance) was the worst problem with engines So he realized that if the engine was not dealing with latent heat in the same area as the production of power, it would make it more efficient He worked in many copper and tin mines, perfecting his engine Matthew Boulton – joined with Watt as a way to sell his engines – Known as an entrepreneur – someone who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business

11. Improvements in Transportation Water Transportation – Robert Fulton (1807) – steamboat Bought an engine from Watt and Boulton and built a boat around it, creating the first steam-powered boat, the Clermont Became known for ferrying passengers up and down the Hudson River – In England, water transport was improved with canals 4,250 miles of inland canals transported both raw and finished goods This cut down on the costs of production because shipping was cheaper and it made it simpler to get goods where they needed to go – including places that were not normally able to get these types of goods – Food transport actually changed a lot, people could finally get new and different types of food because of how much quicker the shipping was

12. Road Transportation John McAdams (1800s) – improved roads – Equipped road beds with a layer of large stones for drainage – On top he placed a smoothed layer of crushed rock – Called “macadam” roads Companies built roads and operated them for profit – Toll-gates were used to pay for them

13. The Railroad Becomes a Thing Steam-driven locomotives – Richard Trevithick (1804) Won a contest by hauling ten tons of iron over ten miles in a steam-driven locomotive People then built on his ideas (not illegally, they just improved his stuff) – George Stephenson (1821) Helped build the world’s first railway line – Ran 27 miles from Yorkshire coal fields to the port at Stockton on the North Seas Liverpool-Manchester Railroad opened in 1830 – Train traveled at 24 miles/hr

14. Effects of the Railroads Spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials and finished products Created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for railroad workers and miners England’s agricultural and fishing industries, which could transport their products to distant cities Encouraged country people to take city jobs