National and Regional Growth, 1800–1844 Ch 11

National and Regional Growth, 1800–1844 Industrial growth, the expansion of slavery, and the development of nationalism and sectionalism change American society.

Section 1: Early Industry and Inventions Main Idea: New machines and factories change the way people live and work in the late 1700s and early 1800s.

Industrial Revolution

Free Enterprise and Factories During Industrial Revolution factory machines replaced hand tools Large-scale manufacturing replaced farming as main form of work Factory system brought workers, machines together under one roof *Inventions like the spinning jenny & power loom made it possible for unskilled workers to produce more cloth, more quickly!

Free Enterprise and Factories People left farms, moved to cities where factories were located Worked for wages, had set schedules, way of life changed War of 1812 led U.S. towards industrialization HOW??? The British blockade caused Americans to manufacture goods that they used to have imported.

Factories Come to New England New England good place to set up successful factories because: 1. fast-moving rivers (to power factories) 2. ships and access to the ocean 3. willing labor force

A New Way to Manufacture New methods changed the style of work in other industries besides textiles. U.S. government hired Eli Whitney to make 10,000 muskets for army Guns were made one at a time by gunsmiths, Whitney changed this method

A New Way to Manufacture Used interchangeable parts, parts exactly alike, to make guns (1801) Sped up production, made repairs easy, used less-skilled workers

New Methods of Transportation

Moving People, Goods, and Messages *Robert Fulton invented steamboat, put Clermont on Hudson River (1807) *Samuel F. B. Morse first demonstrated his the telegraph in 1837

Moving People, Goods, and Messages Enabled people to communicate in seconds between cities By 1861, telegraph lines spanned U.S., brought people closer as a nation

Morse Code

Farming Technology Inventions: *Steel plow by John Deere made plowing easier in New England soil *Mechanical reaper cut ripe grain *Threshing machine separated kernels of wheat from husks

*New inventions linked regions of the U.S. *New farming equipment helped Midwestern farmers feed Northeastern factory workers *Midwestern farmers became a market for goods manufactured in the Northeast. *Northeast textile mills increased the need for Southern cotton, which contributed to the spread of slavery.

Section 2: Plantations and Slavery Spread Main Idea: The invention of the cotton gin and the demand for cotton cause slavery to spread in the South.

Cotton is King

The Cotton Boom Eli Whitney invented cotton gin in 1793—machine that cleaned cotton (separated seeds from cotton) Made cotton cleaning more efficient, changed Southern life: one person could clean 1 pound of cotton a day by hand; the cotton gin could clean 50 pounds of cotton a day.

*Cotton gin changed Southern life in 4 ways: 1. Cotton farming moved westward beyond the Atlantic coastal states. 2. Because cotton was such a valuable crop, planters put most of their efforts into growing it.

3. More Native A. groups were driven off Southern land as cotton plantations took over. 4. Slavery continued to be an important source of labor for growing cotton.

Slavery Expands From 1790 to 1860, cotton production increased greatly As cotton earnings rose, so did price of slaves Expansion of slavery had major impact on South’s economy, people

Spread of Cotton

Southern Culture

Slavery Divides the South Slavery divided white Southerners into: those who had slaves those who did not One-tenth of white families had plantations with 20 or more slaves

Slavery Divides the South Most white Southern farmers had few or no slaves, but supported slavery Slavery had become necessary to increase profits

Conditions of Slaves

African-Americans in the South Slavery divided African-American Southerners into: those who were enslaved those who were free Enslaved African-Americans were one-third of South’s population (1840)

African-Americans in the South Most worked on plantations, while some worked as domestic servants or craftsmen 8 percent of African-Americans in South were free (1840)

Slave Rebellions Nat Turner led famous slave rebellion, in Virginia (1831) Turner and his followers killed 55 white people Turner’s men were captured and 16 were killed. Turner is caught, tried, and hanged

Slave Rebellions Rebellion spreads fear in South Whites killed more than 200 African Americans in revenge State legislatures passed harsh laws to control enslaved and free African-Americans

Section 3: Nationalism and Sectionalism Main Idea: *Patriotic pride unites the states, but tension between the North and South emerges

Nationalism Unites the Country President Madison presented plan, to make U.S. economically self-sufficient Henry Clay promoted plan as the American System: 1. established a protective tariff (tax on imports)

Nationalism Unites the Country 2. established a national bank (promote single currency making trade easier) 3. improved U.S. transportation systems (poor roads made transportation slow and costly)

Roads and Canals Link Cities U.S. built National Road from Maryland to Illinois Canals improved water transportation, Erie Canal is completed (1825) Created water route between New York City and Buffalo, New York

Roads and Canals Link Cities Opened Ohio Valley and Great Lakes region to settlers it also stimulates trade Increased nationalism by uniting 2 sections of the country

The Era of Good Feelings Democratic-Republican James Monroe won U.S. presidency (1816) Political differences gave way, this led to the Era of Good Feelings

Era of Good Feeling

The Era of Good Feelings People shifted their loyalty away from the state govt. and more toward the federal govt. Americans sense of nationalism (a feeling of pride, loyalty, and protectiveness toward your country) started growing

The Era of Good Feelings Supreme Court decisions strengthen federal government and national unity McCulloch v. Maryland, state cannot tax a national bank Gibbons v. Ogden, only federal government controls interstate commerce

Sectional Tensions Increase Sectionalism—loyalty to section of a country rather than to the nation South relied on cotton and slaves; northeast on manufacturing and trade In the West, settlers wanted cheap land and good transportation

Sectional Tensions Increase Interests in these sections often conflicted Missouri applied for statehood (1817), people in the state wanted slavery

Sectional Tensions Increase U.S. had 11 slave states, 11 free states Adding Missouri as slave state would upset balance of power

Missouri Compromise

The Missouri Compromise Nation argued over admitting Missouri as slave state or free state Henry Clay suggested the Missouri Compromise (1820): 1. admit Missouri as slave state

The Missouri Compromise -2. admit Maine as free state -3. ban slavery in Louisiana Territory north of parallel 36º 30’ -4. keeps balance of power between slave states and free states

Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine Some Latin American countries gained independence from Spain and Portugal Some European monarchs planned to help Spain and Portugal regain colonies

The Monroe Doctrine U.S. feared their own government would be in danger Russian colonies in Pacific Northwest almost reached San Francisco

The Monroe Doctrine President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine (1823): 1. closed Americas to further colonization 2. warned against European efforts to reestablish colonies 3. promised the U.S. would stay out of European affairs