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National and Regional Growth, 1800–1844
Industrial growth, the expansion of slavery, and the development of nationalism and sectionalism change American society. Detail of mill girls operating looms (19th century). NEXT
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National and Regional Growth, 1800–1844
SECTION 1 Early Industry and Inventions SECTION 2 Plantations and Slavery Spread SECTION 3 Nationalism and Sectionalism NEXT
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Early Industry and Inventions
Section 1 Early Industry and Inventions New machines and factories change the way people live and work in the late 1700s and early 1800s. NEXT
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Early Industry and Inventions
1 SECTION Early Industry and Inventions Free Enterprise and Factories • During Industrial Revolution factory machines replace hand tools • Manufacturing replaces farming as main form of work • Factory system brings workers, machines together under one roof Image NEXT
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Free Enterprise and Factories
1 SECTION Free Enterprise and Factories • People leave farms, move to cities where factories are located • Work for wages, have set schedules, way of life changes • War of 1812 leads U.S. towards industrialization • British blockade causes U.S. to manufacture goods previously imported NEXT
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Factories Come to New England
1 SECTION Factories Come to New England • New England good place to set up successful factories because: - fast-moving rivers - ships and access to the ocean - willing labor force • Samuel Slater builds first spinning mill, hires entire families • Influences others to start mills, hire families • Family system of employment spreads throughout New England NEXT
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The Lowell Mills Hire Women
1 SECTION The Lowell Mills Hire Women • Francis Cabot Lowell builds factory in Waltham, Massachusetts (1813) • Uses power looms, factory is successful, builds factory town—Lowell Image • Lowell mills—textile mills in Lowell, employ farm girls, high wages • Girls follow strict rules, read books, publish literary magazine • Later factories run by powerful steam engines instead of water power • Allow factories to be built away from rivers and beyond New England NEXT
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A New Way to Manufacture
1 SECTION A New Way to Manufacture • U.S. government hires Eli Whitney to make 10,000 muskets for army Image • Guns are made one at a time by gunsmiths, Whitney changes this method • Uses interchangeable parts, parts exactly alike, to make guns (1801) • Speeds up production, makes repairs easy, uses less-skilled workers • Requires close supervision, gives workers less independence NEXT
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Moving People, Goods, and Messages
1 SECTION Moving People, Goods, and Messages • Robert Fulton invents steamboat, puts Clermont on Hudson River (1807) • Clermont makes trip from New York to Albany and back in record time Image • Henry Miller Shreve designs a more powerful steam engine • Enables steamboats to travel upriver, against current Continued . . . NEXT
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• Samuel F. B. Morse first demonstrates the telegraph in 1837
SECTION Continued Moving People, Goods, and Messages • Samuel F. B. Morse first demonstrates the telegraph in 1837 Image • Enables people to communicate in seconds between cities • By 1861, telegraph lines span U.S., brings people closer as a nation NEXT
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Technology Improves Farming
1 SECTION Technology Improves Farming • John Deere invents steel plow (1836) - makes plowing Midwestern soil easier - more farmers move to Midwest • Mechanical reaper, threshing machine improves agriculture Image • Farmers feed factory workers, become market for factory goods • Growth of Northeastern textile mills increases Southern cotton demand NEXT
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Plantations and Slavery Spread
Section 2 Plantations and Slavery Spread The invention of the cotton gin and the demand for cotton cause slavery to spread in the South. NEXT
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Plantations and Slavery Spread
2 SECTION Plantations and Slavery Spread The Cotton Boom • Eli Whitney invents cotton gin—machine that cleans cotton (1793) Interactive • Makes cotton cleaning more efficient, changes Southern life • Cotton plantations spread west, triggers a move westward • Planters grow more cotton than other goods, cotton exports increase Chart • Native Americans driven off land taken over for cotton plantations • Slaves from the east are sold to work on new cotton plantations NEXT
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2 SECTION Slavery Expands • From 1790 to 1860, cotton production increases greatly • As cotton earnings rise so does price of slaves • Expansion of slavery has major impact on South’s economy, people NEXT
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Slavery Divides the South
2 SECTION Slavery Divides the South • Slavery divides white Southerners into: - those who have slaves - those who do not • One-tenth of white families have plantations with 20 or more slaves Image • Most white Southern farmers have few, no slaves, but support slavery • Slavery has become necessary to increase profits NEXT
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African-Americans in the South
2 SECTION African-Americans in the South • Slavery divides black Southerners into: - those who are enslaved - those who are free • Enslaved African-Americans are one-third of South’s population (1840) • Most work on plantations, some work as domestic servants, craftsmen • 8 percent of African-Americans in South are free (1840) • Some states make blacks leave after they gain their freedom • Most states do not permit free blacks to vote, receive education NEXT
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Finding Strength in Religion
2 SECTION Finding Strength in Religion • Enslaved African-Americans rely on their culture to endure hardships • Culture filled with religious convictions, close personal bonds, music • Slaves express religious beliefs in folk songs—spirituals • Spirituals often contain coded messages about a planned escape NEXT
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Families Under Slavery
2 SECTION Families Under Slavery • Some slaveholders separate families of enslaved people Image • Often slaves run away to escape separation, see family again • Marriages of enslaved people are not legally recognized • If family of enslaved people stay together, children live with mother NEXT
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2 SECTION Slave Rebellions • Two planned slave revolts are betrayed, leaders hanged • Nat Turner leads famous slave rebellion, Virginia (1831) Image • Turner, followers kill 55 white people • Turner’s men captured, 16 are killed, Turner caught, tried, hanged • Rebellion spreads fear in South • Pass harsh laws to control enslaved, free blacks NEXT
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Nationalism and Sectionalism
Patriotic pride unites the states, but tension between the North and South emerges. NEXT
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Nationalism and Sectionalism
3 SECTION Nationalism and Sectionalism Nationalism Unites the Country • President Madison presents plan, make U.S. economically self-sufficient • Henry Clay promotes plan as the American System: - establish a protective tariff - establish a national bank - improve U.S. transportation systems NEXT
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Roads and Canals Link Cities
3 SECTION Roads and Canals Link Cities • U.S. builds National Road from Maryland to Illinois • Canals improve water transportation, Erie Canal is completed (1825) Map • Creates water route between New York City and Buffalo, New York • Opens Ohio Valley, Great Lakes region to settlers, stimulates trade • Increases nationalism by uniting 2 sections of the country • U.S. uses steam-powered trains (1830s), improves transportation NEXT
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The Era of Good Feelings
3 SECTION The Era of Good Feelings • Democratic-Republican James Monroe wins U.S. presidency (1816) • Political differences give way to Era of Good Feelings • Supreme Court decisions strengthen federal government, national unity • McCulloch v. Maryland, state cannot tax a national bank • Gibbons v. Ogden, only federal government controls interstate commerce NEXT
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Settling National Boundaries
3 SECTION Settling National Boundaries • Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817): - limits British, U.S. forces on Great Lakes • Convention of 1818 sets 49th parallel as U.S.-Canadian border • Seminoles from East Florida raid Georgia to reclaim lands • General Andrew Jackson, troops enter Florida, capture Seminoles • Jackson claims Floridas for U.S., Monroe tells Jackson to withdraw • Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819: Spain hands Florida to U.S. Map NEXT
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Sectional Tensions Increase
3 SECTION Sectional Tensions Increase • Sectionalism—loyalty to section of a country rather than to nation • South relies on cotton, slaves; northeast on manufacturing, trade • In the West, settlers want cheap land, good transportation • Interests in these sections often conflict NEXT
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• Missouri applies for statehood (1817), people in state want slavery
3 SECTION continued Sectional Tensions Increase • Missouri applies for statehood (1817), people in state want slavery • U.S. has 11 slave states, 11 free states • Adding Missouri as slave state would upset balance of power, Congress NEXT
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The Missouri Compromise
3 SECTION The Missouri Compromise • Nation argues over admitting Missouri as slave state or free state • Henry Clay suggests the Missouri Compromise (1820): - admits Missouri as slave state - admits Maine as free state - bans slavery in Louisiana Territory north of parallel 36º 30’ - keeps balance of power between slave states, free states Map NEXT
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3 SECTION The Monroe Doctrine • Some Latin American countries gain independence from Spain, Portugal • Some European monarchs plan to help Spain, Portugal regain colonies • U.S. fears their own government would be in danger • Russian colonies in Pacific Northwest almost reach San Francisco • President Monroe issues the Monroe Doctrine (1823): - closes Americas to further colonization - warns against European efforts to reestablish colonies - promises U.S. stay out of European affairs NEXT
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