1780s
s
Chapter 12 Sec.1 The Industrial Revolution
The industrial revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes that occurred in the period circa Describe the Industrial Revolution
Contributing Factors Expansion of farmland, good weather, improved transportation, and new crops, such as potatoes led to an increase in food. With abundant food supplies, the population grew Britain had a ready supply of money or capital to invest in new industrial machines
Contributing Factor Many British people were very wealthy, some called entrepreneurs, were interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make profits. Natural resources were plentiful in Britain
Contributing Factor The country’s rivers provided water power and a means for transporting raw materials and finished products from one place to another. Britain had abundant supplies of coal and iron ore
Contributing Factor British ships could transport goods anywhere in the world. A growing demand for cotton cloth led British manufacturer to begin to look for ways to increase production.
Examples of New Machines Flying shuttle- made weaving faster The spinning jenny- Made thread, invented by James Hargreaves(1764) The water-powered loom, invented by Edmund Cartwright(1787) The steam machine by James Watt(1782) the steam engine depended on coal
Railroads Railroads created new jobs for farm laborers and peasants. Less expensive transportation led to lower-priced goods Examples of railroads: Steam powered locomotive ran on an industrial rail-line in Britain The rocket
Railroads start in Great Britain. The United States will soon catch up and surpass Britain as the leader in the world’s railroads
Working Conditions Workers were forced to work in shifts to keep machine producing at a stead rate Adults were fined for being late and dismissed for serious misconduct, example, being drunk. Child workers were often beaten
Working Conditions Work hours ranged from 12 to 16 hours a day, six days a week with a half-hour for lunch and dinner. There was no security for employment and no minimum wage. The worst conditions were in the cotton mills, where temperature were harmful Mills were dirty, dusty, and dangerous, and unhealthy.
Working Conditions Conditions in the coal mines were also harsh Although steam-powered engines were used to lift coal from the mines to the top, inside the mines men still bore the burden of digging the coal out. Horses, mules, women, and children hauled coal carts on rails to the lift
Working Conditions Dangerous conditions such as cave-ins, explosions, and gas fumes called (bad air) were a way of life. Cramped conditions in mines (tunnels) were often very low and constant dampness caused deformed bodies and ruined lungs.
Chapter 12 Section 2 Describe The Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna is a meeting of state leaders in The Conservative leaders want to keep the old order of Europe (they want to keep their power).
Principle of Intervention 1815 agreement between Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France to send armies into countries that attempted revolutions. The goal was to keep the old order in place (keep monarchs in power).
Goals of Liberalism Liberals wanted freedom from government restraint. (They wanted more rights). Some liberals sought changes like a constitution and the right to vote (ex. Universal Male Suffrage in France)
Chapter 12 Section 3 States that Unify Italian states unify to form Italy during the 1860s. German states unify under Kaiser William I and Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck in 1871.
Crimean War The 1853 Crimean War destroys the Concert of Europe. Russia invades Turkish lands (Ottoman Empire) and expects Austria to help. Austria doesn’t want Russia to gain power, and doesn’t help. Russia is beaten back, embarrassed, and angry with its former friend, Austria.
Franco-Prussian War In 1870, France and Prussia get into a war. France is defeated and forced to give up land (Alsace and Lorraine) to the new German nation. Prussia allies with Germany to form the strongest military in Europe.
Big Picture