1. Chapter 19: Industrialization and Nationalism
Section 1: The Industrial Revolution (Part 1)

2. The Industrial Revolution
Why Great Britain first? (1780s) (SG1)
Improvements to agriculture lead to needing less labor and more food.
Enclosure movement lead to the fencing off of common lands, forcing many peasants to move to towns, creating a labor surplus. (SG2)
Britain had a ready supply of money, or capital to invest.
Britain had plentiful natural resources for production. Rivers provided a power source for factories and transportation of goods.
British Empire provided many markets for their goods to be sold.

3. Changes in Cotton Production
Before IR, textiles were produced by the Cottage Industry. (SG3)
Spinners spun raw cotton into thread.
Weavers wove thread into cloth.
Four Inventions that improved the process: (SG4)
Flying shuttle (weaving)
Spinning Jenny (spinning)
Water-powered Loom (weaving)
Steam Engine improved by James Watt allowing for machine production (spinning and weaving).
British Raw Cotton Imports:
1760: 2.5 Million pounds.
1787: 22 Million pounds.
1840: 366 Million pounds.

4. The Coal and Iron Industries
With improvements to the steam engine the demand for coal rapidly increased, driving improvements in efficiency and output.
Improvements to the coal industry carried over to the iron industry.
In the 1870s, Henry Cort developed the process of puddling. (SG5)
British Iron Production:
1740: 17,000 tons
1780: 70,000 tons
1852: 3,000,000 tons
Puddling Process: (SG5)
Coke (fuel source derived from coal) is used to heat iron to very high temperatures.
During process the iron is stirred and air is added to burn away impurities.
Finished iron is stronger and of far high quality.

5. The New Factories (SG6)
From the start factories created a new labor system.
Factory owners wanted to run their machines constantly.
Workers worked in shifts with long hours to keep machines producing.
Factory workers migrated from rural areas to towns/cities.
Workers faced harsh and unsafe conditions, stiff punishments (especially for children) and had no job security whatsoever.

6. Railroads 1804, first steam locomotive is built (Richard Trevithick).
1814, steam locomotive is improved so that it runs on top of tracks, making it far more efficient (George Stephenson).
Investors linked manufacturing centers (e.g. Manchester) to ports (e.g. Liverpool) by rail. (SG7)
These transportation networks greatly increased speed and efficiency, factory production increased, as result profits soared. (SG7)
Railroads in Britain:
1840: Almost 2,000 miles of railroads
1850: Over 6,000 miles of railroads
1900: 22,000 miles of railroads

7. Factory Acts - Activity
Starting in 1833, the British government began passing acts to limit the hours worked in factories by women and children.
Each student needs a packet (Factory Act of 1833).
Students will work with shoulder partners or on their own (no threes or more).
Each student will turn in a completed packet at the end of class.