1. Section 1: The Industrial Revolution
Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Industrial Revolution
Section 2: Reaction and Revolution
Section 3: National Unification and Nationalism
Section 4: Romanticism and Realism
Visual Summary
Chapter Menu

2. The Industrial Revolution
What were some of the effects of the Industrial Revolution?
Chapter Intro 1

3. The BIG Idea
New Technologies The Industrial Revolution changed the way people lived and worked.
Section 1-Main Idea

4. Content Vocabulary enclosure movement capital entrepreneurs
cottage industry
puddling
industrial capitalism
socialism
Section 1-Key Terms

5. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
With its plentiful natural resources, workers, wealth, and markets, Great Britain became the starting place of the Industrial Revolution.
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6. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Factors in Great Britain becoming the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution:
Farming became more efficient, producing more food at lower prices and ability to feed more people causing growth in population.
Good weather, improved transportation, new crops like potatoes
The enclosure movement, fencing off common lands, caused many peasants to move to towns, increasing the labor supply.
Section 1

7. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.)
The wealthy merchant class of Britain had a ready supply of capital to invest in the new industrial machines and factories. Entrepreneurs devised new business methods and ways to make profits.
Britain had plentiful natural resources, such as water, coal, and iron ore.
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8. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Britain’s vast colonial empire gave British manufacturers a ready outlet for goods.
Changes in Cotton Production
Manufacturing cotton into cloth was a 2-step process done in people’s homes (cottages)
1.spin cotton into thread
2.weave the cotton thread into cloth on looms
In the eighteenth century, cotton production using the cottage industry system was made inefficient by a series of new technological advances.
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9. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.)
New technological advances, such as the spinning jenny (allowed for thread to be produced faster) and flying shuttle (made weaving faster), gave Britain an advantage in producing inexpensive cotton goods.
Edmund Cartwright - Water-powered loom – allowed for factories to be built along streams and rivers instead of in people’s homes.
The cotton industry became more productive when Scottish engineer James Watt modified his steam engine to drive machinery. Steam engines were powered by coal so factories could be built in cities not along rivers.
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10. British cotton cloth production increased dramatically
1760 – imported 2.5 million pounds of cotton
1787 – 22 million pounds
1840 – 366 million pounds
Cotton cloth is one of Britain’s most valuable product, sold everywhere in the world.

11. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.)
The steam engine was crucial to Britain’s Industrial Revolution, leading to an expansion of the coal and iron industries.
Henry Cort – developed puddling which was a process used to make high quality iron for the production of new machines, especially trains. (Production of iron went from 17,000 tons a year to 70,000 tons)
Factory owners wanted to use their machinery constantly, so laborers worked regular shift hours and machines ran continuously, forcing workers to do the same thing over and over.
Coming to work late caused fines or people to be fired.
Misconduct like drunkenness led to fines and firing.
Child labor was common – children kept in line by beatings or whippings
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12. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.)
Railroads moved and manufactured goods more efficiently.
Richard Trevithick – built first steam train – pulled 10 tons, carried 70 people, and went 5 mph.
The first commercial railroad, Stockington & Darlington connected the cotton-manufacturing town of Manchester to the port of Liverpool. (32 miles of track)
Social Changes of Industrialization
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13. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (cont.)
Railroads were a key component of the Industrial Revolution and led to ongoing economic growth.
By 1840, trains could move at 50mph.
1850 – 6000 miles of railroad tracks crossed Britain
Created new jobs for farm laborers & peasants
Less expensive transportation led to lower-priced goods, creating larger markets
More factories and more machinery
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14. Which is not a ripple effect caused by railroad expansion?
A. New jobs were created to build the railroads.
B. Less expensive transportation led to lower-priced goods.
C. People in rural areas could now travel to the cities to work.
D. More sales meant more profit to invest in more machinery. A B C D
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15. The Spread of Industrialization
The pace of industrialization in Europe and the United States depended on many factors, including government policy.
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16. The Spread of Industrialization (cont.)
Governments in Belgium, France, and the German states supported industrialization and provided funds to build roads, canals, and railroads.
When the Industrial Revolution spread to the United States, thousands of miles of roads and canals were built to link East and West.
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17. The Spread of Industrialization (cont.)
In 1807, Robert Fulton built the first paddle-wheel steamboat, the Clermont, improving transportation on the waterways. Eventually, railroads provided the most effective means of transportation.
As farmers and immigrants filled the cities, a labor force became available to the factory owners.
Women and children, who were paid lower wages, often worked in the factories.
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18. What did Robert Fulton build? A. Steamboats B. Railroads C. Canals
D. Turnpikes and roads A B C D
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19. Social Impact in Europe
Industrialization urbanized Europe and created new social classes, as well as the conditions for the rise of socialism.
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20. Social Impact in Europe
European cities and towns grew dramatically by Factories were built in towns and cities to take advantage of their increasing populations.
1800 – London – 1 million by 1850 – 2.5 million
Six cities had populations between 50,000 and 100,000
Nine cities had populations over 100,000
1850 – 18 cities had populations between 50,000 and 100,000
50% of the population lived in towns and cities.
The rapid growth of cities led to overcrowding, disease, and poverty.
Almost 1 million Irish died during the potato famine
Industrial capitalism rose during the Industrial Revolution and produced a new middle class that built the factories, bought the machinery, and developed the markets.
Section 1

21. Social Impact in Europe (cont.)
The Industrial Revolution also led to the development of an industrial working class.
The working class had little protection from factory and mine owners and faced dangerous working conditions like cave-ins, explosions, and gas fumes. Cramped conditions in mines and their constant dampness led to workers’ deformed bodies and ruined lungs.
Women and children made up a significant portion of the labor force due to their low wages.
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22. Social Impact in Europe (cont.)
Cotton mills – dirty, dusty, dangerous
14 hour days in either frigid temps or degree heat
Reformers of these pitiful, harsh working conditions gave rise to socialism and believed that public ownership (society owns and controls all aspects of production) would allow wealth to be more evenly distributed
Utopian socialists such as Robert Owen believed that an ideal society could be created through socialism.
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23. Section 1-End

24. INDUSTRIALIZATION Transformed Society
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread throughout Europe and the United States.
New technologies improved the production and transportation of goods.
Workers migrated to cities as economies shifted from being farm-based to factory-based.
As cities grew, an industrial middle class and an industrial working class emerged.
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42. enclosure movement
in Great Britain during the 1700s, the Parliamentary decree that allowed fencing off of common lands, forcing many peasants to move to town
Vocab1

43. capital
money available for investment
Vocab2

44. entrepreneur
a person interested in finding new business opportunities and new ways to make profits
Vocab3

45. cottage industry
a method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes
Vocab4

46. puddling
process in which coke derived from coal is used to burn away impurities in crude iron to produce high quality iron
Vocab5

47. industrial capitalism
an economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing
Vocab6

48. socialism
a system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production
Vocab7