2. The Industrial Revolution
Began in the late-1700s, though it didn’t take full effect until (in Great Britain)…
Major changes in agriculture, transportation, manufacturing and mining – contributed to cultural and socioeconomic changes in Great Britain

3. Changes in Manufacturing & Labor

4. Village Farming
Prior to the IR most people lived in small country villages
Land was UNFENCED
Wealthy controlled land; peasant families rented land

5. Village Farming Small families because of high infant death rate
Harsh working conditions
LOW life expectancy (40 years)

6. Domestic System
Early industries in Europe: coal, glass, iron, clothing (textiles)
Mid 1700s; wool became extremely popular in Europe
Increase in DEMAND

7. Domestic System
Merchants hired farming families to produce woolens in their homes

8. Domestic System Depended on a network of workers
Each did a segment of the work
Provided income during hard times

9. Why Great Britain?

10. Why Great Britain?
In Britain, wealthy landowners started the Enclosure Movement

11. Why Great Britain? The Enclosure Movement: Landowners fenced off lands
Led to greater efficiency & more successful farming practices
Forces small farmers to move into the cities

12. Why Great Britain?
The Industrial Revolution begins in Great Britain because it had the Factors of Production

13. Why Great Britain?
Capital  $$$/wealth to invest in labor, machines & raw materials
Natural Resources  harbors, rivers, iron and coal

14. Why Great Britain?
Large Labor Supply  better farming techniques led to more food which led to population growth
Entrepreneurs  risk takers who started new businesses
Also, Britain’s gov’t was supportive

15. Why Great Britain?
The textile industry was one of the first to become mechanized (powered by machines) in Britain
This created a huge demand for cotton imports from Britain

16. Why Great Britain?
Inventions like flying shuttle, the spinning jenny, and Eli Whitney’s cotton gin helped to meet this demand

17. Factory System
Machines were too LARGE & too COSTLY for the domestic system
Required more space & more workers

18. Factory System Production needed to be centralized
Thus, the Factory System (brings workers and machines together under the control of managers) was introduced

19. The Spread of the Industrial Revolution

20. Industrialization Spreads
Industrialization spread out of England to the United States in the early to mid 1800s
Spread to continental Europe; Belgium and Germany industrialize first

21. Industrialization Changes Life

22. Transportation
Technology in textile industry spurred progress in other industries
Improvements in transportation like the steam engine and the railroad system allowed for more efficient transportation of people and materials

23. Living Conditions
Growth of factory system caused urbanization – city building and the movement of people to cities
Most urban areas doubled in size, some even more!

24. Living Conditions
Because cities grew rapidly, they were not well planned and living conditions were poor
Not sanitary or safe
Sickness was widespread

25. Working Conditions
To increase production, factory owners tried to keep their machines running as many hours as possible
The average worker spent at least 14 hours a day at their job, 6 days a week

26. Working Conditions
Women and children were employed because they were the cheapest source of labor
Factories and coal mines were very dangerous

27. Social Class
Social mobility caused the emergence of the middle class (factory owners, merchants, bankers)
Middle class lifestyle: domestic servants, men work, women stay at home

28. Social Class The laborers made up the working class
Saw little improvement in living and working conditions between