Basic Vocabulary  Monomer – basic unit of a polymer  Polymer – Large molecule composed of repeating basic units or monomers

Polymerization

1. CARBOHYDRATES  Contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen  Hydrogen is in a 2:1 ratio to Oxygen – this means that for every 2 Hydrogens there is 1 Oxygen  key source of ENERGY Ex. Glucose and Starches Ex. Glucose and Starches  Plants use carbohydrates for structure Ex. CELLULOSE Ex. CELLULOSE

Monosaccharides  all have the formula C 6 H 12 O 6  all have a Carbon Ring structure  Ex. Glucose

Disaccharides  all have the formula C 12 H 22 O 11 Notice the number of atoms has increased in this formula! Notice the number of atoms has increased in this formula! Ex. Sucrose Ex. Sucrose

Polysaccharides  Formed of three or more simple sugar units  Glycogen - animal starch stored in liver & muscles  Cellulose - indigestible in humans - forms cell walls  Starches - used as energy storage

How are complex carbohydrates formed and broken down?

Dehydration Synthesis Reaction  Combining simple molecules to form a more complex one with the removal of water ex. monosaccharide + monosaccharide  disaccharide + water C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6  C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O  Polysaccharides are formed from repeated dehydration syntheses of water ○ They are the stored extra sugars known as starch

Hydrolysis Reaction  Addition of WATER to a compound to SPLIT it into smaller monomers Ex. chemical digestion Ex. chemical digestion disaccharide + H 2 O  monosaccharide + monosaccharide C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6

2. LIPIDS  Function in long-term energy storage, protection, and insulation  Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but the H:O ratio is not in a 2:1 ratio  large molecules  Ex. Fats, oils, waxes, steroids

LIPIDS continued  Lipids are formed from the union of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules 3 fatty acids + glycerol  lipid 3 fatty acids + glycerol  lipid  Fats – primarily in animals  Oils and waxes – primarily in plants Oils are liquid at room temperature, waxes are solids Oils are liquid at room temperature, waxes are solids  Ex. Steroids - used to build many reproductive hormones and cholesterol  Ex. Phospholipids – major component of cell membrane

3. PROTEINS  Contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen  Composed of MANY amino acid monomers The arrangement of the amino acid that forms the primary structure of proteins. The arrangement of the amino acid that forms the primary structure of proteins.

PROTEINS continued  Basic amino acid has a 1. carboxyl group 2. methyl group – 1 hydrogen attached 3. R Group attached to the methyl group 4. amino group – includes nitrogen  The R Group is a group of atoms that is different for each amino acid. It determines the protein’s shape.

Major Protein Functions  Growth and repair of tissues  Helps organisms access energy  Buffers – helps keep pH levels of body constant

Dehydration Synthesis of Dipeptide  Building a protein chain  Formed from two amino acid subunits amino acid + amino acid  dipeptide + water

Hydrolysis of a Dipeptide  Breaking down of a dipeptide into amino acids dipeptide + H 2 O  amino acid + amino acid

Polypeptide (protein)  Composed of three or more amino acids linked by synthesis reactions Ex. Insulin, hemoglobin, and enzymes. Ex. Insulin, hemoglobin, and enzymes.

Protein Structure  Primary – sequence of chain of amino acids  Secondary – occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by Hydrogen bonds  Tertiary – occurse when certain attractions are present between alpha helices and pleated sheets  Quaternary – is a protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

4. NUCLEIC ACIDS  Composed of nucleotides Nucleotides consist of 3 parts: Nucleotides consist of 3 parts: ○ 5-Carbon Sugar ○ Phosphate Group ○ Nitrogenous Base

NUCLEIC ACIDS continued  Located in all cells  Functions store and transmit hereditary/genetic information

DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)  contains the genetic code of instructions that direct a cell's behavior through the synthesis of proteins  found in the chromosomes of the nucleus (and a few other organelles)

RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)  directs cellular protein synthesis  found in ribosomes, nucleoli, and cytoplasm