1. Organic Chemistry (Chapter 3) Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl.

2. Organic Compounds - have carbon (and hydrogen together) bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function of living things Inorganic Compounds - do not contain carbon and hydrogen together (salt)

3. Some organic molecules

4. Attached to the carbon skeleton is a FUNCTIONAL GROUP - which is the area that participates in chemical reactions

5. alcohols acids bases

6. Also.... ALKANE consists of only carbon to carbon single bonds C- C- C -C -C ALKENE consists of at least one carbon to carbon double bond C = C - C ALKYNE consists of at least one carbon to carbon triple bond

9. The general structure of an α-amino acid, with the amino group on the left and the carboxyl group on the right One carbon chain, single bonds; 2 functional groups

10. ISOMERS – molecules with the same molecular formula, but different arrangement of atoms

11. Reaction Types Hydrolysis - break down compounds by adding water Dehydration - two components brought together, produces H2O Endergonic - requires the input of energy Exergonic - releases energy Redox - electron transfer reactions

12. Oxidation Involves Loss Reduction Involves Gain OIL RIG

13. MACROMOLECULES - Monomers link together to form polymers Dehydration reaction – water is removed, joins monomers together Hydrolysis – water attaches to a polymer and breaks it into smaller units

15. Redox Reactions Explained

16. Some Molecules

17. Not a dehydration reaction

18. MACROMOLECULES important to life are: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids Time for some more bozeman videos with Paul Anderson!

19. 1. CARBOHYDRATES monosaccharides - simple ring sugars, glucose and fructose disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined, sucrose and lactose polysaccharides - polymers (long chains of repeating units) of monosaccharides starch (plants) and glycogen (animals) are energy storage polymers cellulose & chitin are structural polymers

20. 2. Lipids Are Hydrophobic (insoluble in water) Used for insulation and long term energy storage (fat) Fats & Oils are made of subunits – glycerol and fatty acids Waxes – mainly used for covering and protection Phospholipids - Important structural component of the cell membrane

21. Steroids (Lipids)- cholesterol & sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone); made of 4 fused rings

22. Saturated fats contain no double bonds and are solid at room temperature; Unsaturated have double bonds that “kink” the molecule, liquid at room temperature

24. Lipids and Fatty Acids

25. 3. Proteins Polymers made of amino acids, which are joined by peptide bonds - proteins are also called polypeptides Amino acids form a wide variety of structures, mainly building blocks for living tissue Support | Enzymes | Transport | Defense | Hormones | Motion

26. Proteins can be denatured - heat causes it to lose its shape, and its functionality There are 20 known amino acids

27. Proteins

28. Proteins have four shapes: 1. Primary Structure - sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide chain 2. Secondary Structure - Parts of the polypeptide fold into local patterns (alpha helix or pleated sheet) 3. Tertiary Structure - the overall 3D shape (globular or fibrous) 4. Quaternary Structure - consists of two or more polypeptide chains or subunits

29. Nucleic Acids Informational polymers made of individual nucleotides DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid) Each nucleotide consists of: 1. A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)2. A phosphate3. A nitrogen base - adenine - thymine - guanine - cytosine - uracil (in RNA)

31. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - high energy molecule that contains phosphate bonds that are easily broken to release energy (this energy drives the reactions in our bodies)

32. Macromolecules Activity (16 points) Foldable with 4 door flaps, name of the macromolecule on the outside and description on the inside. Inside: 1. Make an illustration of your macromolecule (structural formula or a drawing of an every day example) – 1 point 2. Write what the monomers are called - point 3. Write examples - point 4. Make sure the names on the outer doors correctly match the description on the inside. – 1 point Each macromolecule is worth 4 points Due 9/3/13

33. MATCHING a. carbohydrate b. lipids c. protein d. nucleic acids 1. contains adenine and thymine 2. lactose 3. chains of amino acids 4. long term energy storage 5. cholesterol 6. chains of fatty acids and glycerol 7. plant cell walls