1. Macromolecules are large molecules called polymers.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Organic compounds are synthesized by cells and contain Carbon – made of carbon skeleton.
BUILDING macromolecules (AKA.organic compounds):
Macromolecules are large molecules called polymers.
These polymers are composed of monomer subunits.

2. REACTIONS
Condensation (dehydration synthesis) – monomers are connected to produce polymers; releases H2O during the reaction (building up)
Hydrolysis – polymers are broken down into their monomers; H2O is needed for the reaction to occur (breaking down)
ENZYMES assist in both reactions!

3. 4 Types of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

4. 1. CARBOHYDRATES consist of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
FUNCTION – Main source of energy – breakdown of sugar supplies quick energy to cells; excess is stored as complex sugars in cells

5. 1. CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharide –monomer, ring carbohydrate
Disaccharide- two sugar carbohydrate
Ex: table sugar- glucose bonded to fructose

6. 1. CARBOHYDRATES
Polysaccharide- polymer carbohydrate. Made up of long chains of glucose
Starch- a spiral chain of glucose. Made by plants as a storage molecule
Glycogen- a chain of glucose made by animals to store excess glucose
Cellulose- chain of glucose hooked together like a chained link fence
Made by plants for cell wall support
Humans cannot digest

7. 1. CARBOHYDRATES 3 types of carbohydrates

8. 2. LIPIDS consist of C, H, O hydrophobic – insoluble in water
FUNCTIONS:
Energy Storage – breakdown of lipids provides long-term energy supply; excess is stored in fat cells; yields twice as much energy as carbohydrates
Component of cell membrane (phospholipids)
provides cushions, insulates and waterproofing (wax)

9. 2. LIPIDS
A fat is constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules, glycerol & fatty acids. (monomer)
Fatty acid chains can be saturated (solid at room temp) or unsaturated (liquid at room temp).

10. 2. LIPIDS Fats- solid at room temperature, Saturated Fatty Acid
Oils- liquid at room temperature, Unsaturated Fatty Acid
Waxes- waterproofing (skin, fur, feathers) protective coating on plants
Steroids- maintain and control functions throughout the body
Cholesterol & Sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen)

11. 3. PROTEINS consist of C, H, O, N, S
polymers made of amino acids (monomer)
Peptide bond forms between amino acids
**NOT a good source of energy

12. 3. PROTEINS Functions:
Structural element of hair/nails (keratin) & bone/cartilage (collagen)
Increase rate of reaction as an enzyme (biological catalyst)
Transport and storage of molecules
Control of metabolism
Receptor proteins - signaling from cell to cell
Tissue defense (antibodies)

13. polymer of nucleotides (monomer)
4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
consist of C, H, O, N, P
polymer of nucleotides (monomer)
stores and transmits genetic information
Two types of nucleic acids –
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – double strand of genetic information
RNA (ribonucleic acid) – single strand copy of DNA used to build proteins

14. Enzymes Enzymes are a type of protein
They speed up a chemical reaction (serve as a catalyst) by lowering the activation rate
Almost all metabolic reactions are helped along by enzymes
Enzymes function at a specific temperature, pH, and concentration (amount of enzyme)
Ex: pepsin enzyme in the stomach works at a pH of 2

15. Enzyme names usually end in –ase
Enzymes, Cont.
Enzyme names usually end in –ase
Ex: Lipase (breaks down fats)
Catalase (break down hydrogen peroxide in tissues)
Amylase (break down starch, saliva is an amylase)