Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion
Topic 4 Organic Molecules
2
What is an organic molecule?
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 12 What is an organic molecule? Contains Carbon Contains Functional group Chemically reactive groups of atoms Organic molecules make up living things
3
Obj 13 Macromolecule Large molecules formed by the chemical combining of smaller molecules Organic molecules in Biology are a type of Macromolecule Proteins can contain 1000s of amino acids
4
Polymerization Chemical process that forms biological macromolecules
Obj 13 Polymerization Chemical process that forms biological macromolecules In Biology…. Polymer = organic macromolecule Monomer – smaller molecules that chemically combine to make polymer
5
Building Up and Breaking Down
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 13 Building Up and Breaking Down Dehydration Synthesis – Chemical reaction that connects monomers to make an organic macromolecule Produces water Degradation Hydrolysis – chemical reaction that breaks apart organic macromolecules into monomers Uses water
6
Types of Organic Molecules
Obj 14 Types of Organic Molecules Carbohydrates Foods: sugars and starches Body: Energy storage Lipids Foods: fats Body: Energy storage, protection Proteins Foods: Meats Body: Many functions Nucleic Acids Foods: Many foods Body: DNA and RNA
7
Carbohydrates Sugars and starches Elements always Present: C, H, O
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 15 Carbohydrates Sugars and starches Elements always Present: C, H, O Always have 2 hydrogen atoms for every 1 oxygen atom (2:1 ratio) Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides Hydrophilic Used for energy (short and long term storage) 7
8
Types of Carbohydrates
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 15 Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides – Simple Sugars Ex. glucose, fructose Disaccharides – Sugars Ex. sucrose, lactose, maltose Polysaccharides – Energy storage, structure starch, cellulose, glycogen
9
3 Polysaccharides All composed of glucose Very different functions
Obj 15 3 Polysaccharides All composed of glucose Very different functions Energy storage in plants Structural molecule in plants Energy storage in animals
10
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 16 Carbohydrate Metabolism Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body Thousands!!!! Carbohydrates Metabolism Digestion Degradation hydrolysis reactions carried out in different regions of the digestive system Carbohydrate storage Dehydration synthesis of glucose into glycogen in the liver
11
Carbohydrate Storage – insulin-glucagon cycle
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 16 Carbohydrate Storage – insulin-glucagon cycle Homeostasis - Blood glucose levels must be maintained .9 mg/mL Hormonal control – chemical signals made by the pancreas are used to maintain a constant level Insulin – released when blood glucose is high Liver makes glycogen (polysaccharide) for storage Cell take up glucose for energy use Glucagon – released when blood glucose is low Liver breaks down glycogen into glucose
12
Lipids Fats, oils, and waxes Mainly hydrogen and carbon atoms
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 17 Lipids Fats, oils, and waxes Mainly hydrogen and carbon atoms Made of glycerol and fatty acids Not true polymers… Hydrophobic Used for energy storage, cushioning vital organs, insulating the body, and transmitting messages
13
Types of Lipids - Triglycerides
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 17, 18 Types of Lipids - Triglycerides Energy storage and protection Made of: 1 Glycerol (glycerin) 3 Fatty Acid chains Can be: Saturated – fatty acids contain all single bonds “saturated” with H Solid at room temperature (butter, lard) Unsaturated - fatty acids contain 1 or more double bond Liquid at room temperature (oils) H 13
14
Triglyceride synthesis
Obj 17 Triglyceride synthesis Dehydration synthesis connects glycerol and fatty acids Not a true polymer Why? Polymers are long chain molecules, always with space to add another monomer 3 H2O
15
Fats and Nutrition “Shape controls function”
Obj 18 Fats and Nutrition “Shape controls function” Your body interacts with molecules based on shape Trans fats Formed during hydrogenation process Saturated and Trans fats lead to cardiovascular disease Blood vessel plaques put stress on the heart Animal fats Plant fats
16
Types of Lipids - Phospholipids
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 17 Types of Lipids - Phospholipids Polar head (glycerol and a phosphate group) Nonpolar Tails (fatty acids) Major components of cell membranes (barriers)
17
Types of Lipids - Steroids
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 17 Types of Lipids - Steroids All have rings of carbons Examples: Cholesterol Sex hormones How will you tell these apart from carbs?
18
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion
OBJ 19 Proteins Made up of amino acids monomers (100s or 1000s of amino acids) Require a specific 3D shape to function Most are globular or fibrous Nearly all proteins recognize and bind to another molecule
19
Amino Acid - Monomers of a protein General structure of an Amino Acid
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 19 Amino Acid - Monomers of a protein General structure of an Amino Acid
20
Joining Amino Acids to Make a Dipeptide
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 19 Joining Amino Acids to Make a Dipeptide 2 amino acids chemically bonded = dipeptide 3 - 50ish amino acids = polypeptide 50ish – 100,000ish amino acids = protein The bond joining them is a peptide bond
21
Joining amino acids to make a dipeptide.
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 19 Joining amino acids to make a dipeptide. Dehydration synthesis
22
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion
OBJ 19 20 different Amino Acids
23
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion
OBJ 20,21 Protein Folding Chemical Properties of the 20 amino acids cause specific folding patterns Specific shapes have specific functions Denaturation – the breakdown of the specific shape Caused by… Electrolyte concentration pH Heat
24
Types of Proteins Hemoglobin
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 19 Types of Proteins Hemoglobin Cell structural proteins (cell surface, muscle fiber) Body structural proteins (hair, fingernails, collagen) Contractile proteins (in muscle fibers) Defensive proteins (antibodies) Enzymes Hormones (insulin, glucagon) Growth factors (heals cuts, controls development) Cell membrane component (transporters, receptors)
25
Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA Monomer - nucleotide
Unit 1: Biochemistry and Digestion OBJ 22 Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA Monomer - nucleotide Five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) Phosphate group Nitrogenous base Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only)
Similar presentations
