1. Notes: Chapter 2.3 Carbon Compounds

2. Chemistry of Carbon
Carbon can form four covalent bonds. (tetravalence)
Carbon usually bonds with other non metals
6 protons
6 neutrons
6 electrons
first shell- 2
second shell- 4

3. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.
straight chain
branched chain
ring

4. Single Bond
A single bond is signified by a solid line between symbols; shares 2 electrons

5. Double Bond
A double bond is signified by two solid lines between symbols; shares 4 electrons

6. Triple Bond
A triple bond is signified by three solid lines between symbols; shares 6 electrons

7. Macromolecules Macromolecules are “Giant molecules”
Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join to form polymers (large molecules of repeating units – monomers- bonded together by covalent bonds.
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are “Giant molecules”
Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join together to form polymers
This process is called Polymerization.

8. Macromolecules
The process of bonding monomers together is called polymerization
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are “Giant molecules”
Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join together to form polymers
This process is called Polymerization.

9. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
Monomers are the individual subunits.
Polymers are made of many monomers.

10. Dehydration Reaction
Monomers are connected by a reaction in which 2 molecules are covalently bonded together through the loss of a water molecule.

11. Hydrolysis
Breaking the covalent bond within the polymer to break off a monomer involves the breaking a water molecule and inserting its pieces.

12. Types of macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

13. Carbohydrates
Composition: made of C, H and O atoms, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio
Monomer- monosaccharide
Polymer – polysaccharide
Uses: Main source of energy for organisms, structural purpose in cell membrane, and exoskeleton of insects.

14. Carbohydrates Examples Sugars (Saccharides)
Monosaccharide = simple sugar molecule
Disaccharide = two monosaccharides bonded together with a glycosidic linkage

15. Carbohydrates
Starches: Complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) that store extra sugar
In animals, starch is called glycogen, structural is called chitin
Chitin is used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons.

16. Carbohydrates
2. In plants, “plant starch”, structural is called cellulose
Cellulose makes up the cell wall of plant cells.
Humans cannot breakdown cellulose during digestion.
Known as “insoluble fiber”

17. Lipids 1.Composition: C, H, O. More C and H and a few O
2. Subunits: glycerol (“head”) and fatty acids (long carbon chain that makes up the “tail”)
Glycerol
Fatty Acid

18. Lipids 3. Not soluble in water – non-polar
4. Function: energy storage, main part of cell membrane, hormones, cushions vital organs and insulates the body
5. Examples: fats (3 fatty acid chains), phosopholipids (2 fatty acid chains), oils, waxes, steroids (hormones), cholesterol

19. Lipids have several different functions.
broken down as a source of energy
make up cell membranes
used to make hormones

20. Lipids 6. Types of fatty acids:
a. Unsaturated fatty acids are found in lipids that are liquid at room temperature, C=C bonds
The double bond creates a kink in the tails that keeps them from packing closely together.
Example: Olive oil
Double bond

21. Lipids
b. Saturated fatty acids are found in lipids that are solids at room temperature, no C=C bonds
Example: Shortening, butter

22. Types of Lipids
Saturated = only single bonds, maximum number of H atoms
Unsaturated = at least on C = C double bond
lipid
lipid

23. Proteins Composition: C, H, O, N Function: Structure Storage
transport of other substances
movement
Immunity
Regulate Metabolism
Catalyze reactions (make them happen)

24. Proteins
Made of monomers called amino acids that are linked together to form a chain
20 different types of amino acids
All have the same general structure
Draw this in your notes!
Label!!
Carboxyl Group

25. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

26. Some Amino Acids… General structure Alanine Serine Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine

28. 4 Levels of Structure Primary
Unique sequence of amino acids linked together to form a polypeptide chain
Changing the order of even 1 A.A. changes the shape and ability to function.

29. Secondary α- helix OR β- pleated sheet
Repeatedly coiled or folded portions of the polypeptide chain as a result of hydrogen bonding at regular intervals along the backbone.

30. Tertiary
c. 3D structure, interactions along different parts of the amino acid chain
This creates regions (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, etc) within the protein.

31. Quarternary
Occurs when a protein consists of 2 or more polypeptide chains.

32. Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.
Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.
hydrogen bond
Hemoglobin
Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.

33. Nucleic Acids Composition: C, H, O, N, P
Function: Store and transmit genetic information by determining the amino acid sequence in proteins
Two types
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)

34. Nucleotide
Made of monomers called nucleotides. A nucleotide has three parts
5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
(A, T, G, or C)

35. Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen