1. BIOCHEMISTRY

2. Aim: How do we compare the stuctures and function of the four major families of biological macromolecules?
Do now: Define organic compound.
Vocabulary: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, nucleic acids

3. And now for the Biochemistry portion of things….

4. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
CARBOHYDRATES

5. CARBOHYDRATES
Living things use carbohydrates as a key source of ENERGY!
Plants use carbohydrates for structure (CELLULOSE)
include sugars and complex carbohydrates (starches)
contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (the hydrogen is in a 2:1 ratio to oxygen)

6. Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
all have the formula C6 H12 O6
all have a single ring structure
(glucose is an example)

7. Disaccharides (double sugars)
all have the formula C12 H22 O11
sucrose (table sugar) is an example

8. Polysaccharides Formed of three or more simple sugar units
Glycogen - animal starch stored in liver & muscles
Cellulose - indigestible in humans - forms cell walls
Starches - used as energy storage

9. How are complex carbohydrates formed and broken down?

10. Dehydration Synthesis
Combining simple molecules to form a more complex one with the removal of water
ex. monosaccharide + monosaccharide ----> disaccharide + water
(C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ----> C12H22O11 + H2O
Polysaccharides are formed from repeated dehydration syntheses of water
They are the stored extra sugars known as starch

12. Hydrolysis
Addition of WATER to a compound to SPLIT it into smaller subunits
(also called chemical digestion)
ex. disaccharide + H2O ---> monosaccharide + monosaccharide
C12 H22 O11 + H2 O ---> C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6

14. Lipids (Fats) Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
Chiefly function in energy storage, protection, and insulation
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but the H:O is not in a 2:1 ratio
Tend to be large molecules -- an example of a neutral lipid is below

15. Neutral lipids are formed from the union of one glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids
3 fatty acids + glycerol ----> neutral fat (lipid)
Fats -- found chiefly in animals
Oils and waxes -- found chiefly in plants
Oils are liquid at room temperature, waxes are solids
Lipids along with proteins are key components of cell membranes
Steroids are special lipids used to build many reproductive hormones and cholesterol

16. PROTEINS contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
composed of MANY amino acid subunits
It is the arrangement of the amino acid that forms the primary structure of proteins.
The basic amino acid form has a carboxyl group on one end, a methyl group that only has one hydrogen in the middle, and a amino group on the other end.
Attached to the methyl group is a R group.

17. AN R GROUP IS ANY GROUP OF ATOMS – THIS CHANGES THE PROPERTIES OF THE PROTEIN!

18. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
There are certain groups of atoms that are frequently attached to the organic molecules we will be studying, and these are called functional groups.
These are things like hydroxyl groups which form alcohols, carbonyl groups which form aldehydes or ketones, carboxyl groups which form carboxylic acids, and amino groups which form amines.

20. Major Protein Functions
Growth and repair
Energy
Buffer -- helps keep body pH constant

21. Dipeptide formed from two amino acid subunits
Formed by the process of Dehydration Synthesis
amino acid + amino acid dipeptide + water

22. Hydrolysis of a dipeptide
Breaking down of a dipeptide into amino acids
dipeptide + H2O ---> aminoacid + amino acid

23. Polypeptide (protein)
composed of three or more amino acids linked by synthesis reactions
Examples of proteins include insulin, hemoglobin, and enzymes.
** There are an extremely large number of different proteins.
The bases for variability include differences in the number, kinds and sequences of amino acids in the proteins