Eurasian Crossroads Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High

Decline of the Ottoman Empire Internal and external pressures weaken the Ottoman Empire Ottoman military falls behind those of European powers ▫Janissaries neglect training, turn to politics, stage coups ▫Janissaries also neglect changes in military tactics and weaponry After Napoleon’s forces leave Egypt, Muhammad Ali rises to power ▫Models Egyptian army on those of Europe, est. autonomy within empire ▫Industrializes Egypt as cotton producer Trade through Ottoman Empire declines, only raw material exports ▫European goods damage business of Ottoman artisans ▫European visitors and investors exempt from Ottoman laws Government spending more than it makes, must reform bureaucracy ▫Sultan Selim III attempts to modernize military, Janissaries revolt  Eventually, Janissaries kill all members of royal family except one  Mahmud II becomes Sultan ( )

Ottoman Attempts at Reform Mahmud II attempts to modernize the military ▫Janissaries revolt, Mahmud has them massacred by new troops ▫New military trained by Europeans, using European weapons, tactics Creation of new secondary schools teaching Western curricula Mahmud attempts to centralize control, taxes elites ▫Ends military land grants, undermines the ulama ▫Restructures government into European style ministries ▫Builds industrial infrastructure to improve communication, transport Mahmud’s empire smaller, but more powerful than last hundred yrs Tanzimat: attempt to Europeanize Ottoman legal system ▫Creates sharp divisions and protests within Ottoman society Coup places Abdul Hamid II as sultan in constitutional monarchy ▫Suspends constitutions, rules as autocratic despot, expels liberals Young Turk rebellion overthrows rule of Abdul Hamid II ▫Replace A.H. with Mehmed V Rashid as new sultan ▫Young Turks institute many Enlightenment reforms, freedoms ▫Turkification efforts alienate non-Turkish population, enflame tensions

The Russian Empire Russian and Ottoman empires similar in terms of economic and military reverses through 1800 ▫Tsars embark on series of military, social, and industrial reforms Romanov tsars administer absolute authority over multiethnic empire with support of Russian Orthodox Church and boyar nobles ▫Serfdom seen as source of social stability, compulsory military service Russian Empire expands in multiple directions, Crimean War ▫Interference in the Balkans seen as upsetting the balance in Europe  Alliance of Britain, France, Sardinia, and Ottoman Empire fights Russia  Allied force attacks Russian Black Sea fleet at Sevastopol, Crimea  Russia unable to mobilize, ineffective in battle, severely defeated Tsar Alexander II frees serfs, compensates land owners ▫Many serfs at economic disadvantage, granted few political rights  Agricultural production rises little, social unrest continues (though less) Count Sergei Witte given authority to industrialize economy ▫Railroads and factories built (Trans-Siberian Railway) ▫Horrible working conditions, low wages, direct government control Protest and revolutionary activity increases, Tsarist repression follows ▫Ethnic minorities in Eastern Europe rebel, Tsar issues orders of Russification ▫Many Russian Jews migrate to other parts of Europe, United States Conflict with Japan over Manchuria results in destruction of the Russian navy Revolution of 1905 against oppression of Nicholas II, factory workers create soviets

Japan’s Empire of the Rising Sun Tokugawa Japan experiences economic hard times ▫Samurai and Daimyo incur great debt to merchant class, gov’t cancels debts, peasant unrest high, rebellions break out ▫Tokugawa shogun’s conservative reforms ineffective, economy worsens Commodore Matthew C. Perry ports in Tokyo, opens Tokugawa Japan to U.S. trade, Europeans follow ▫Foreign influence causes more rebellion, Tokugawa shogun resigns ▫Emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji) takes control of government The Meiji Restoration gives political power back to the emperor ▫New government looks to remake Japan: “rich country, strong army” ▫Hire European and American experts to modernize Japan  Send Japanese scholars to study at Western universities  Abolition of traditional society, land reform, new social structure est.  Daimyo and Samurai forbidden from wearing of swords, top knot  Modern Japanese national army established with American made weapons ▫Agricultural taxes converted to fixed money taxes, creates gov. revenue ▫Establishment of constitutional gov’t the Meiji’s “gift to his people”  Gave considerable power to the emperor to affect government action, policy Within generation Japan creates a modern industrial economy, largest in Asia

Decline of Qing China Qing Dynasty under attack by rebels and aggressive foreign powers The Opium War and Spheres of Influence ▫Canton, cohong trading system brings minimal profits to Europeans ▫British turn to trading opium for silver, silver for Chinese products  British East India Co. uses Persian expertise to grow opium in India for trade  Chinese become addicted to opium, demand and profits increase  Opium trade weakens Chinese trade and society  Lin Zexu destroys British opium, the British outraged, start war to reopen trade ▫British hugely successful in war, China forced into Treaty of Nanjing  Hong Kong given to Britain, British citizens enjoy extraterritoriality, five coastal cities opened to European trade, Britain given “most favored” status ▫China also loses wars with France and Japan, forcing uneven treaties  Treaties create spheres of influence within China, weaken Qing  United States Secretary of State John Hay negotiates “Open Door Policy”

Trouble In China Taiping Rebellion ▫Radical rebellion that resented poor economy, Manchu rule ▫Take control of Nanjing, establish a capital, Chinese army victorious  New Chinese army made of Chinese soldiers, commanded by scholar-gentry Self-Strengthening Movement pushes pragmatic reforms ▫Blends Chinese and Western learning ▫Lays foundation for modern, industrial economy & military  Empress Dowager Cixi diverts funds intended for navy to build marble barge Hundred Days Reforms (1898) ▫Emperor Guangxu, influenced by scholars Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, launches reforms to modernize China and establish a constitutional monarchy ▫Hundred Days Reforms squashed by Cixi and allies, emperor imprisoned in the Forbidden City, reformers executed The Boxer Rebellion ▫Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists fight foreign influence with Cixi’s support, attack foreigners and Christians, put down by alliance of Western powers (Britain, France, Russia, Japan, Germany, and U.S.) ▫Qing Dynasty loses almost all support in China, rebellions erupt 1908: Cixi dies, but not before appointing 2 year old Puyi as emperor ▫Puyi abdicated throne in 1912 after Civil War breaks out in 1911