1. China Unit 7 Lecture 8

2. Opium Trade The Chinese weren’t exporting anything British wanted to gain back some silver bullion They started selling opium that was grown in India People got addicted and the British got silver

3. Opium War Trade in Opium was illegal Caused a loss of bullion for China and caused a social problem Chinese started to try to control the trade British started losing money British declared war on China in 1839

4. Treaty of Nanjing 1842 British received Hong Kong (until 1999) Five new ports were opened to British trade Extraterritoriality was given to the British Extended to other countries By 1900 90 Chinese ports were open to Europeans

5. Taiping Program Didn’t like Manchu rule Abolition of private property Communal wealth for sharing No footbinding Free public education Easier written language Literacy for everyone Equality between men and women Some wanted democracy

6. Rebellion Took Nanjing in 1853 By 1855 a million were ready to attack Beijing –The Qing defeated them 1860 they were ready to attack Shanghai

7. Taiping Defeat Gentry was supporting Qing Given rights to develop their own militia forces Europeans helped Hong committed suicide in June 1864 Rebellion fell apart

8. Effects of the Rebellion 20 – 30 million died Decline in agricultural production Led to starvation in the countryside

9. Self Strengthening Movement Gentry tried to combine Confucian ideals with western technology Didn’t do much They tried to maintain agricultural society and industrialize at the same time Empress dowager Cixi didn’t support the movement economically

10. Foreigners Germans had mineral and railway rights in Shandong France in the south GB in the Yangzi River valley Japan in the southeast Russia in Manchuria Only middle China was free of foreigners

12. Hundred Days of Reform Emperor Guangxu Goal was to remake China into an industrial power Had to let go of agrarian traditions Constitutional monarchy Civil liberties Better education system Modernize military Imperial household reacted violently

13. End of the Hundred Days Empress Cixi nullified reforms Arrested the emperor and held him in the Forbidden City Executed leaders

14. Boxer Rebellion Militia group who was anti-foreigners Empress Cixi supported them They thought they were immune to the western guns Westerners quickly destroyed the 144,000 members

15. End of the Qing Bankrupt Emperor died mysteriously Empress Cixi died the next day She placed infant Puyi on the throne Revolution broke out in 1911