1. Western economic pressure forced China to open to foreign trade & influence

2. China’s pride in their ancient culture=looked down upon all foreigners Self-sufficient: agriculture, mining, manufacturing Economy based on exports, not imports Guangzhou: southern port, only place where foreigners were allowed to do business

3. Opium-habit forming narcotic British merchants began smuggling it into China Wanted Chinese to buy British Products OPIUM WAR China vs Britain China loses-Treaty of Nanjing Britain gained island of Hong Kong (controlled until 2000) USA & other nations gained extraterritorial rights Foreigners not subject to laws of country: now allowed in Guangzhou & 4 other ports which were now open to foreign trade

4. China’s internal problems: rapidly growing population, barely increasing food supply; addiction to opium Taiping (Great Peace) Rebellion Led by Hong Xiuquan (shee- oo-choo-ahn) and peasants Believed Chinese people should share in country’s wealth and no one would live in poverty (early form of communism) Chinese, British and French troops defeated the Taiping 20 million + died in rebellion Eventually put down by Chinese govt; share power with regions; weakens China Rebellion=unsuccessful Revolution=successful

5. An area in which the foreign nation controlled trade and investment USA’s Open Door Policy: China open to merchants of all nations Protected China’s freedom from colonization

6. Poor peasants & workers (Boxers) resented special privileges to foreigners; & resented Chinese Christians who adopted foreign faith. Wanted to remove Europeans from China Multinational forces crushed Boxers, but nationalism surged Must resist more foreign intervention & government must be more responsive to their needs US Marines in Beijing vs Boxers

7. CAUSEEFFECT British bring opium to China Taiping Rebellion USA declares Open Door Policy Workers launch Boxer Rebellion

8. Japan followed the model of Western powers by industrializing and expanding its foreign influence

9. Before mid-1800s, Japan only traded with China Treaty of Kanagawa Established by USA Commodore Matthew Perry Japan opened 2 ports for US to take on supplies Led to Japan granting permission for other foreign powers to trade in treaty ports Extraterritorial rights extended

10. Modernization with the best from the West Germany’s government Socialist controlled companies/industries Germany’s army British navy American public education Western industrialization Tea/silk=specialization for trade Shipbuilding

11. Became strongest military in Asia Eliminated extraterritorial rights Nationalism grew leading to imperialism by Japan

12. US gets Japan to sign Treaty of Kanagawa Japan builds to strongest military & industry and eliminates foreigners’ rights Schools in California began segregating Japanese children into their own schools Japan protested at treatment of emigrants Gentlemen’s Agreement: Japan’s government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to US in exchange for desegregation of California schools With US expanding colonies into Asia and Japan wanting to expand its’ empire, Japan bombs Pearl Harbor

13. 1.Japan forced Korea to open 3 ports for trade 2.China protested b/c of its’ trade with Korea 3.Japan drove China out of Korea, destroyed China’s navy, gained land in Manchuria (mainland northern China) 4.Treaty gave Japan 1 st colony: Taiwan

14. Japan’s victory over China shifted world’s balance of power Russia & Japan now leading powers in Asia=enemies War over Manchuria Russia wanted warm- water port in Asia Japan drove Russia out of Manchuria and destroyed its’ navy Treaty of Portsmouth by T. Roosevelt HUGE DEAL-1 ST time non- European power defeated European power in “modern times” (since industrialization)= Japan as world power, not just in Asia

15. What differences did China and Japan have in their acceptance of the West? What was the significance for Russia and Japan and the World with the result of the Russo-Japanese War? Explain the irony of the Treaty of Kanagawa.