Molecules of Life

Organic Compounds: Molecules containing the element of carbon and at least one hydrogen atom. Chemistry of Carbon Atoms Carbon atoms form chains Carbon chains are backbone for molecules of life Functional Groups: particular atoms or clusters of atoms covalently bonded to carbon.

Everything here is organic …..oops except for the bottle Organic Molecules Contain Carbon and often hydrogen, oxygen, and other atoms Everything here is organic …..oops except for the bottle

Biologically Important Organic Molecules Hydrocarbons – C, H Carbohydrates – C, H, O Proteins – C, H, O, N, S Lipids – C, H, O Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, P

Hydrocarbons contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)

H C Hydrogen atom Carbon atom

Methane = simple hydrocarbon CH4 H C H H Methane = simple hydrocarbon

A simple organic molecule with 1 Carbon and 4 hydrogen atoms Energy released when hydrogen separated from carbon during burning

Examples of Hydrocarbons (carbon and hydrogen) Ethane Examples of Hydrocarbons (carbon and hydrogen) Propane

Hydrocarbon (carbon and hydrogen) Butane Hydrocarbon (carbon and hydrogen)

Diesel – long chain hydroc-c-c-c-c-c-c-carbon Gasoline Diesel – long chain hydroc-c-c-c-c-c-c-carbon

Monomers Dimers Polymers

? What are monomers? What are polymers? Monomers = small molecules linked together to form chains. What are polymers? Polymers = monomers linked together in chains . Poly = many mer = parts or units Polymer = many parts linked together ?

Like monomers Like a polymer

OH HO HOH O Dimer & Polymer formation (Monomer A) (Monomer B) Dehydration (removal of water) synthesis (uniting) HOH (Monomer A) (Monomer B) Monomer A O dimer = two monomers

Biologically important organic compounds Carbohydrates Contain Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates Monosaccharides = sugar Ex. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Dissaccharides Ex. Sucrose Polysaccharides Ex. Starch and Glycogen (long chains of glucose molecules)

ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen atoms is 1:2:1 Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells CARBOHYDRATES Function: quick energy structural support Characteristics: H – C – OH ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen atoms is 1:2:1 Monomer is the monosaccharide

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Starch is a polymer of glucose used for storage. It is found in plants. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose - used for storage. It is found in plants. We cannot digest cellulose!

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Glycogen is a polymer of glucose used for storage. It is found in animals.

Biologically important organic compounds Contain Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen (Sulfur) Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

PROTEINS: Structure and Function of proteins controls structure and function of all life

Polypeptide or Protein Proteins Amino Acids Dipeptide Polypeptide or Protein

The monomer form is called an an amino acid. Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins Characteristics The monomer form is called an an amino acid. A central or alpha carbon which is connected to the following: amino group carboxylic acid group hydrogen R-group

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins

These 20 different amino acids are analogous to an alphabet with 20 letters Each letter can be put together in any order, for any length to form an infinite number of proteins (words)

What process do you use to form a peptide bond? Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins What process do you use to form a peptide bond? NCC – NCC – NCC- NCC - NCC

Structural – bones, muscles, collagen Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Proteins Functions Structural – bones, muscles, collagen Enzymes – proteins which speed up chemical reactions Transportation – hemoglobin within your red blood cells transports oxygen to all parts of your body Protection – antibodies enable you to fight off infections MORE MORE MORE!

Biologically important organic compounds 56 Contain Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

do not dissolve in water no simple monomer structure Types Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells LIPIDS Function: long term energy storage insulation protective cushion forms cell membranes hormones Characteristics: do not dissolve in water no simple monomer structure Types Fats and Oils Phospholipids Steroids

LIPIDS – Phosopholipid Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells LIPIDS – Phosopholipid

58 Fatty acid glycerol Lipids (fats) = polymers made of monomers called fatty acids and glycerol

LIPIDS – Fats and Oils Triglyceride Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells LIPIDS – Fats and Oils Triglyceride What atoms are these molecules made of? Are these molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

LIPIDS – Triglycerides Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells LIPIDS – Triglycerides Saturated fats – no double bonds exist in the fatty acid tails Unsaturated fats – have at least one carbon – carbon double bond in any of their fatty acid tails What is the difference between oil and butter?

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat

Steroids are lipids which possess a “ringed” structure Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells LIPIDS – Other Lipids Steroids are lipids which possess a “ringed” structure Cholesterol is a major component of the cell’s plasma membrane (structural function), but it is also the precursor for the key hormones testosterone & estrogen

Proteins as Enzymes

Models of Enzymes

How do enzymes work???

The Role of the Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Figure 5.5A Jumping-bean analogy for energy of activation (EA) and the role of enzymes EA barrier Reactants Products 1 2 Enzyme ENERGY LEVEL Progress of reaction or time

Environmental factors affecting enzyme activity Rate of reaction Temperature (C) 20 40 60 80 100 Enzyme A Enzyme B

Environmental factors affecting enzyme activity Optimal pH for two enzymes Rate of reaction 20 40 60 80 100 Temperature (Cº) (a) Optimal temperature for two enzymes (b) Optimal pH for two enzymes pH Optimal temperature for typical human enzyme enzyme of thermophilic Optimal pH for pepsin (stomach enzyme) Optimal pH for trypsin (intestinal enzyme) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (heat-tolerant) bacteria

Biologically important organic compounds Contain Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphate Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

make up genes which store all of the information about an organism Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids Function: make up genes which store all of the information about an organism energy currency of the cell Characteristics: monomer is a nucleotide 5- carbon sugar phosphate group 1 of 5 nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine, or uracil)

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids A = T G = C

Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid Deoxyribose Phosphate group Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids Types of nucleic acids DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid Deoxyribose Phosphate group Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine Double-stranded structure (double helix) RNA – ribonucleic acid Ribose Adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine Single-stranded linear structure

ATP – adenosine triphosphate Ribose Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells Nucleic Acids ATP – adenosine triphosphate Ribose 3 phosphate groups - the terminal or last phosphate is held on by a high energy but weak bond – when this bond is broken energy is released Adenine

RECAP

How do monomers become polymers? Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells How do monomers become polymers? Dehydration synthesis – Removal of a water molecule between two reacting molecules forming a new covalent bond in the process

How do polymers become monomers? Chapter 3 The Molecules of Cells How do polymers become monomers? Hydrolysis – Addition of a water molecule to a polymer to break a bond within a polymer to form the monomers