1. Biomolecules/Macromolecules
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates

2. Inorganic – Compounds that do not have chains of carbon and are not created by life/living things.
Salt
Water
Ammonia

3. Organic – Compounds that are created by life and contain chains of carbon atoms.
Macromolecules are large organic molecules.

4. Macromolecules Large organic molecules. Also called POLYMERS.
Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS.
Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

5. Monomer Monosaccharide (simple sugar) Fatty Acid Amino Acid Nucleotide
Single unit (building block)
Examples:
Monosaccharide (simple sugar)
Fatty Acid
Amino Acid
Nucleotide

6. Polymer
Large (macro), complex molecule made up of smaller repeating units (monomers)
Polymer = monomer + monomer + monomer
Examples:
Carbohydrate = simple sugar + simple sugar + simple sugar
Lipid = fatty acid + fatty acid +fatty acid
Protein = amino acid + amino acid + amino acid
Nucleic Acid = nucleotide + nucleotide + nucleotide

7. Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed?

8. Answer: Dehydration Synthesis
Also called “condensation reaction”
Forms polymers by combining monomers after “removing water” HO H
H2O HO H

9. Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested?

10. copyright cmassengale
Answer: Hydrolysis
Separates monomers by “adding water” HO H
H2O HO H
copyright cmassengale

11. 4 Main Classes of Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Also called:
Macromolecules “large” molecules
Biomolecules “life” molecules

12. Carbohydrates (polymer)
Function: primary source of Quick Energy. Used in cellular respiration to form ATP.
Monomer: Monosaccharide (simple/single sugar)
Polymer: Carbohydrate/polysaccharide
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms in the ratio of
1 : 2 : 1

13. Fruits and Vegetables

14. TREES, PLANTS, & GRAINS

15. Monosaccharide (monomer)
Building Blocks of
Carbohydrates
(Single or simple sugars)
Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose
Molecular formula: C6H12O6
Usually forms a ring structure in solution

16. Disaccharide
Forms when 2 monosaccharides join together by dehydration synthesis
Example: Sucrose (table sugar)
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
(di) (mono) (mono)

17. Polysaccharide (polymer)
Many (3 or more) monosaccharides bonded together via dehydration synthesis
Complex Carbohydrate
Examples:
Cellulose-made by plants (can’t be digested by humans)
Starch-made by plants (can be digested by humans)
Glycogen-made by animals (can be digested by humans)

18. Lipids (polymer) Function: Long-term energy storage
Monomer: Fatty Acid
Polymer: Lipid
Contain Elements: C, H, O
Description: Hydrocarbons that are insoluble (do not dissolve) in water/resistant to water.

19. Functions of Lipids Fats: triglycerides store energy (long term)
Phospholipids: building blocks of cell membrane (lipid bi- layer)
Steroids: like cholesterol, stabilize cell membranes, help create bile to digest fats, aide in the production of hormones
Waxes: in plant cuticles to restrict water loss, in animal’s skin/hair to give protection and pliability, in bird feathers to waterproof
Pigments: like chlorophyll that absorbs light during photosynthesis

20. glycerol head end (gray) + 3 fatty acid tails (gold)
Fats
All life stores excess energy in a lipid called a Triglyceride. (Why is it called a hydrocarbon?)
*Bonds between hydrogen and carbon are rich in energy
Provide 2x as much energy per unit mass as carbohydrates or proteins
glycerol head end (gray) + 3 fatty acid tails (gold)

21. Saturated Fat Unsaturated Fat
Straight fatty acid tails All the carbon atoms in the tail are bonded with 2 hydrogen atoms (solids at room temp)
(Bad Fats)
Unsaturated Fat
(Good Fats)
Kinked fatty acid tails
One or more of the carbon
atoms in the tail are double
bonded between the Carbons,
making portions of the tail
ridged and hard to fit together (liquids at room temp)

22. Good Fat vs. Bad Fat
There is a health difference between digested plant and animal fats
Saturated Fat – Straight tails/Solids at room temp
Bad fat
Found in products derived from animals.
-Butter, Lard, & Grease
Unsaturated Fats – Kinked tails/liquids at room temp
Good fat
Found in products derived from plants.
-Olive oil, Fish oil, & Plant oil

23. Phospholipids
Lipid bi-layer of cell membranes

24. Proteins (polymer) (shape determines function) Large molecule made of
Function: main building blocks of cells and
involved in virtually all cell functions
Monomer: Amino Acids
Polymer: Protein
Large molecule made of
one or more chains of
amino acids that are folded
into a specific compact
shape
(shape determines function)

25. Proteins Structural Proteins Functional Proteins
Keratin: hair & nails
Collagen: skin, ligaments, tendons, & bones
Actin & Myosin: muscle contraction
Functional Proteins
Enzymes: speed up chemical reactions
Antibodies: help defend against infections
Hemoglobin: carries oxygen in the blood

26. Amino Acids (monomer)
Made up of a central carbon atom with a carboxyl group, amino group, and a R group attached 20 different amino acids due to the R group

27. Protein Sources 1 3 2

28. Nucleic Acids
Function: store and transmit genetic information and use that information to direct the production of proteins Monomer: Nucleotide Polymer: Nucleic Acid 2 types: DNA and RNA

29. Nucleotide (monomer) Made up of : phosphate group
5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
nitrogen base (adenine, cytosine, guanine,
thymine, or uracil)

30. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
Stores hereditary information and code for making proteins
Double stranded chain of nucleotides with the strands spiraled around each other “Double Helix”
5 carbon sugar: deoxyribose
Nitrogen bases:
adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

31. RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
Single straight strand of nucleotides
5 carbon sugar: ribose
Nitrogen bases:
adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil
Plays an important role in protein synthesis

32. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Function: main energy source for cell processes which is produced during cellular respiration
“energy currency of life”
Structure: nucleotide made up of the nitrogen base adenine, the sugar ribose, 3 phosphates
Bonds between the phosphates store energy. Break the bonds to release energy to do the cells work.