1. Chapter 3 Objectives Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.
Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules.
Identify functional groups in biological molecules.
Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down.
Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical reactions.

2. Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon atoms.
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 3
Carbon Bonding
Organic compounds contain carbon (C) atoms and are found in living things.
Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon atoms.
Carbon dioxide is an example CO2

3. Carbon Bonding, continued
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 3
Carbon Bonding, continued
Carbon atoms can readily form four covalent bonds with other atoms including other carbon atoms because it only contains 4 electrons in its outer energy level. (Remember for an atom to be “happy” it wants 8 electrons)
The carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide variety of simple and complex organic compounds.
Single bond, double bond, triple bond

4. Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 3
Carbon Bonding

5. Chapter 3 Functional Groups
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 3
Functional Groups
Functional groups are groups of atoms that influence the properties of molecules and the chemical reactions in which the molecules participate.
Hydroxyl Ex: Isopropyl alcohol, rubbing alcohol
Carboxyl Ex: Formic acid (stinging ants inject)
Amino Ex: Glycine
Phosphate Ex: Nucleic acid

6. Functional Groups continued
Hydroxyl Group
-OH
Makes molecules polar
Polar molecules are hydrophilic (soluble in water)
EX: Alcohols fit into this group

7. Large Carbon Molecules
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 3
Large Carbon Molecules
Condensation reactions join
monomers (small simple molecules)
Polymers (monomers joined- called macromolecules)
EX: carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
A condensation reaction releases water as a by-product.
In a hydrolysis reaction, water is used to split polymers into monomers.

8. Chapter 3 Energy Currency
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Chapter 3
Energy Currency
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases energy during cell processes, enabling organisms to function.
Example of hydrolysis

9. Chapter 3 Objectives Section 2 Molecules of Life
Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides,and polysaccharides.
Explain the relationship between amino acids and protein structure.
Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action.
Compare the structure and function of each of the different types of lipids.
Compare the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

10. Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
4 main classes essential to life
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

11. Chapter 3 1. Carbohydrates
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
1. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about 1:2:1
Carbohydrates are a source of energy and are used as structural materials in organisms.
Hydrophilic
Designed to be a source of energy

12. Carbohydrates, continued
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Carbohydrates, continued
Monosaccharides
Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called monosaccharides. (simple sugars)
Ex. Glucose, fructose, galactose
Copy the structure of glucose pg.55

14. Carbohydrates, continued
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Carbohydrates, continued
Disaccharides and Polysaccharides
Two monosaccharides join to form a double sugar called a disaccharide.
Ex. Sucrose (combination of fructose and glucose)
A complex sugar, or polysaccharide, is made of three or more monosaccharides.
Ex. Glycogen, starch, cellulose

16. Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
2. Proteins:
organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Water friendly
Forms of Proteins:
enzymes
most anti-bodies
Pigments
Hemoglobin
hormones

17. Proteins continued- Amino Acids
Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Proteins continued- Amino Acids
Proteins are made up of monomers (long chains though) called amino acids. The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s shape and function
20 common in plants and animals

18. Chapter 3 Proteins, continued Dipeptides and Polypeptides
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Proteins, continued
Dipeptides and Polypeptides
Two amino acids are joined by peptide bonds (covelant bond) to form a dipeptide.
A long chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide.

19. Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Structure of Proteins

20. Chapter 3 Proteins, continued Enzymes
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Proteins, continued
Enzymes
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and bind to specific substrates.
Essential for the functioning of ANY cell.
Many enzymes ARE proteins
Enzyme reactions depend on the physical fit between the enzyme (active site) and the substrate (the reactant being catalyzed)
Induced fit model – model of enzyme actions
Bottom of pg 57

21. Proteins continued- Enzymes
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Proteins continued- Enzymes
Without enzymes- chemical reactions in the body would be too slow to support life
Enzymes are used over and over
If the environment changes-the enzyme may not work properly because the ACTIVE SITE shape may change!

22. Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Enzyme Activity

23. Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
3. Lipids
Lipids are large nonpolar molecules (don’t dissolve in water, they DO dissolve in oil)
store the most energy (larger # of C & H atoms)
an important part of cell membranes.

24. Chapter 3 Types of lipids Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Waxes
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Types of lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Waxes
pigments

25. Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Fatty Acids
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Lipids, continued
Fatty Acids
Most (ABUNDANT) lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched carbon molecules that have a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end.

26. Fatty Acids- continued
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Fatty Acids- continued
When each carbon atom is covalently bonded- the acid is SATURATED
When the carbon atoms are not fully bonded, and it creates double bonds with other carbon atoms, it is UNSATURATED

27. Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Triglycerides
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Lipids, continued
Triglycerides
Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol.
Saturated Triglycerides
Composed of saturated fatty acids
High melting points-hard at room temp.
Ex: butter, red meat fat

28. Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Unsaturated Triglycerides
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Lipids, continued
Unsaturated Triglycerides
Composed of unsaturated fatty acids
Soft or liquid
Primarily found in plant seeds
Ex: cooking oils

29. Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Phospholipids
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Lipids, continued
Phospholipids
make up cell membranes (lipid bilayer)
pg 59 fig 3-11
consist of two fatty acids (not 3 like lipids) and one glycerol molecule.

31. Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Waxes
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Lipids, continued
Waxes
A wax is made of one long fatty acid chain joined to one long alcohol.
Waterproof
Steroids
A steroid is composed of four fused carbon rings.
Hormones
Cholesterol

32. Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
4. Nucleic Acids
A nucleic acid is a large and complex organic molecule that stores and transports information.
Made up of C,H,O,N,P
Structure is a double helix
2 types
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (DNA)
RiboNucleic Acid (RNA)

33. Chapter 3 DNA- continued Humans- 46 molecules of DNA or 46 chromosomes
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
DNA- continued
Humans- 46 molecules of DNA or 46 chromosomes
DNA is a nucleotide- thousands of monomers
Contains the genetic information for cells
What makes up DNA?
Phosphate group
Sugar (deoxyribose)
Base group
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

34. Chapter 3 RNA- continued What does RNA do?
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
RNA- continued
What does RNA do?
Stores & transfers info from DNA to manufacture proteins
Can act as an enzyme

35. Structure of Nucleic Acids
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Chapter 3
Structure of Nucleic Acids

36. Homework!!
Pg. 34 # 2, 3, 6-8
Pg. 54 # 1-10