Chapter 3 Objectives Section 1 Carbon Compounds Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules. Identify functional groups in biological molecules. Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down. Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical reactions.

Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon atoms. Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding Organic compounds contain carbon (C) atoms and are found in living things. Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon atoms. Carbon dioxide is an example CO2

Carbon Bonding, continued Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding, continued Carbon atoms can readily form four covalent bonds with other atoms including other carbon atoms because it only contains 4 electrons in its outer energy level. (Remember for an atom to be “happy” it wants 8 electrons) The carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a wide variety of simple and complex organic compounds. Single bond, double bond, triple bond

Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Carbon Bonding

Chapter 3 Functional Groups Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Functional Groups Functional groups are groups of atoms that influence the properties of molecules and the chemical reactions in which the molecules participate. Hydroxyl Ex: Isopropyl alcohol, rubbing alcohol Carboxyl Ex: Formic acid (stinging ants inject) Amino Ex: Glycine Phosphate Ex: Nucleic acid

Functional Groups continued Hydroxyl Group -OH Makes molecules polar Polar molecules are hydrophilic (soluble in water) EX: Alcohols fit into this group

Large Carbon Molecules Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Large Carbon Molecules Condensation reactions join monomers (small simple molecules) Polymers (monomers joined- called macromolecules) EX: carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids A condensation reaction releases water as a by-product. In a hydrolysis reaction, water is used to split polymers into monomers.

Chapter 3 Energy Currency Section 1 Carbon Compounds Chapter 3 Energy Currency Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases energy during cell processes, enabling organisms to function. Example of hydrolysis

Chapter 3 Objectives Section 2 Molecules of Life Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides,and polysaccharides. Explain the relationship between amino acids and protein structure. Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action. Compare the structure and function of each of the different types of lipids. Compare the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 4 main classes essential to life Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

Chapter 3 1. Carbohydrates Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 1. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about 1:2:1 Carbohydrates are a source of energy and are used as structural materials in organisms. Hydrophilic Designed to be a source of energy

Carbohydrates, continued Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates, continued Monosaccharides Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called monosaccharides. (simple sugars) Ex. Glucose, fructose, galactose Copy the structure of glucose pg.55

Carbohydrates, continued Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Carbohydrates, continued Disaccharides and Polysaccharides Two monosaccharides join to form a double sugar called a disaccharide. Ex. Sucrose (combination of fructose and glucose) A complex sugar, or polysaccharide, is made of three or more monosaccharides. Ex. Glycogen, starch, cellulose

Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 2. Proteins: organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Water friendly Forms of Proteins: enzymes most anti-bodies Pigments Hemoglobin hormones

Proteins continued- Amino Acids Chapter 3 Section 2 Molecules of Life Proteins continued- Amino Acids Proteins are made up of monomers (long chains though) called amino acids. The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s shape and function 20 common in plants and animals

Chapter 3 Proteins, continued Dipeptides and Polypeptides Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued Dipeptides and Polypeptides Two amino acids are joined by peptide bonds (covelant bond) to form a dipeptide. A long chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide.

Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Structure of Proteins

Chapter 3 Proteins, continued Enzymes Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins, continued Enzymes Enzymes speed up chemical reactions and bind to specific substrates. Essential for the functioning of ANY cell. Many enzymes ARE proteins Enzyme reactions depend on the physical fit between the enzyme (active site) and the substrate (the reactant being catalyzed) Induced fit model – model of enzyme actions Bottom of pg 57

Proteins continued- Enzymes Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Proteins continued- Enzymes Without enzymes- chemical reactions in the body would be too slow to support life Enzymes are used over and over If the environment changes-the enzyme may not work properly because the ACTIVE SITE shape may change!

Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Enzyme Activity

Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 3. Lipids Lipids are large nonpolar molecules (don’t dissolve in water, they DO dissolve in oil) store the most energy (larger # of C & H atoms) an important part of cell membranes.

Chapter 3 Types of lipids Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Waxes Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Types of lipids Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Waxes pigments

Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Fatty Acids Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Fatty Acids Most (ABUNDANT) lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched carbon molecules that have a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end.

Fatty Acids- continued Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Fatty Acids- continued When each carbon atom is covalently bonded- the acid is SATURATED When the carbon atoms are not fully bonded, and it creates double bonds with other carbon atoms, it is UNSATURATED

Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Triglycerides Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Triglycerides Triglycerides consist of three fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol. Saturated Triglycerides Composed of saturated fatty acids High melting points-hard at room temp. Ex: butter, red meat fat

Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Unsaturated Triglycerides Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Unsaturated Triglycerides Composed of unsaturated fatty acids Soft or liquid Primarily found in plant seeds Ex: cooking oils

Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Phospholipids Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Phospholipids make up cell membranes (lipid bilayer) pg 59 fig 3-11 consist of two fatty acids (not 3 like lipids) and one glycerol molecule.

Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Waxes Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Lipids, continued Waxes A wax is made of one long fatty acid chain joined to one long alcohol. Waterproof Steroids A steroid is composed of four fused carbon rings. Hormones Cholesterol

Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 4. Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a large and complex organic molecule that stores and transports information. Made up of C,H,O,N,P Structure is a double helix 2 types DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (DNA) RiboNucleic Acid (RNA)

Chapter 3 DNA- continued Humans- 46 molecules of DNA or 46 chromosomes Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 DNA- continued Humans- 46 molecules of DNA or 46 chromosomes DNA is a nucleotide- thousands of monomers Contains the genetic information for cells What makes up DNA? Phosphate group Sugar (deoxyribose) Base group Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Chapter 3 RNA- continued What does RNA do? Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 RNA- continued What does RNA do? Stores & transfers info from DNA to manufacture proteins Can act as an enzyme

Structure of Nucleic Acids Section 2 Molecules of Life Chapter 3 Structure of Nucleic Acids

Homework!! Pg. 34 # 2, 3, 6-8 Pg. 54 # 1-10