1. Biochemistry

2. Compounds  Compounds are made up of atoms of two more elements in fixed proportions  Held together by chemical bonds Covalent Ionic

3. Covalent Bond  Forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons  Example: Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 )

4. Ionic Bonds  One atom loses electrons while the other atom gains electrons  Example: Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

5. Oxidation Reduction Reactions  Oxidation Reactions- A reactants loses one or more electrons, becomes positive Undergoes oxidation  Reduction Reaction- reactant gains one or more electrons, becomes negative Undergoes reduction **Always occur together!

6. Importance of Water

7. Water  One of the most important compounds in living organisms  Means of transport  Water makes up 70% of most organisms  The world is 70% water

8. Polarity  Water is a polar compound Charges are unevenly distributed  Oxygen pulls slightly on the electrons giving it a slightly negative charge  Meanwhile, the hydrogen atoms are slightly positive

9. Hydrogen Bonding  Hydrogen bond- force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule of a partial positive charge and another atom with a negative charge  Allows water to easily bond with itself  Form, break and reform easily with each other

10. Adhesion and Cohesion Adhesion  Attractive force between water and a different substance  Allows water to stick to other surfaces  Capillary action- water can rise up a tube against the force of gravity Cohesion  Attractive force between water molecules  Allows water molecules to stick to other water molecules  Surface tension- molecules of the surface pull downward Acts like a “skin”

11. Carbon Compounds

12.  Organic compounds are made primarily from carbon  Bonds readily because Has 4 valance electrons Bonds easily with other carbon Forms straight chains, branched chains, or rings Enormous variety of compounds

13. Carbon Compounds  Functional groups influence the characteristics of molecules Cluster of atoms at one end Table 3.1 on page 52 highlights these groups

14. Carbon Molecules  Monomers- single unit of a carbon compound  Polymers- repeated, linked monomers bonded together  Macromolecules- made up of many large polymers

15. Condensation and Hydrolysis Reactions Condensation Linking monomers to create polymers Each time you add a monomer water is released Hydrolysis Breaking down of polymers to monomers Water is used to break the bond

16. Molecules of Life

17. Carbohydrates  Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen  1:2:1 ratio  Source of energy  Exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

18. Monosaccharides  Monomer of carbohydrate  Also called a simple sugar  Most common Glucose Fructose Galactose

19. Monosaccharides  Glucose, fructose and galactose all have same molecular formula C 6 H 12 O 6  Have different structures These different structures give each slightly different properties Called isomers

20. Disaccharides  Two monosaccharides combine  Also called a double sugar  Example: sucrose

21. Polysaccharides  Complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides  Storage of energy Animals store in the form of glycogen (highly branched chain) Plants store in the form of starch (branched chains and unbranched chains)

22. Proteins  Composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen  Formed by linking of monomers called amino acids

23. Amino Acids  20 different amino acids  Same basic structure Single hydrogen atom Carboxyl group (COOH) Amino group (NH 2 ) R group (difference)  Allows for very different shapes of proteins

24. Dipeptides and Polypeptides  Two amino acids can form a dipeptide through a peptide bond  Most often long chains of amino acids bond to form a polypeptide

25. Enzymes  Act as a catalyst for reactions  Most are proteins  Very specific to environments If environment changes slightly, enzyme probably won’t work

26. Lipids  Non-polar  Do not dissolve in water  Higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms  Store more energy  Include Fatty acids Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids waxes

27. Lipids Fatty Acids  Unbranched carbon chains  Long carbon chain with a COOH attached at one end  One end is polar and one end in non-polar Hydrophillic- “water loving” Hydrophobic- “water fearing” Triglycerides  Composed of three molecules of fatty acid joined to one molecule of alcohol glycerol

28. Lipids Phospholipids  Two fatty acid molecules attached to one molecule of glycerol  Have an attached phosphate group  Makes up the cell membrane Waxes  Long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain  Water-proof  Form protective coatings Steroids  Four fused carbon rings with different functional groups attached  Hormones

29. Nucleic Acids  Store and transfer important information for the cell  Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA Contains characteristics of the organism and directs cell activities  Ribonucleic Acid RNA Stores and transfers information needed to make proteins