1. BIOCHEMISTRY The chemistry of Life
Chemicals that make up living things are mostly
organic macromolecules belonging to the four groups
Carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids

2. Organic Molecules
Structure
monomers
polymers
Carbohydrates
C,H,O
1:2:1
monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Proteins
C,H,O,N,S
Amino Acids
Polypeptides
Lipids
Fatty Acids
Complex fat
Nucleic Acids
C,H,O,N,P
Nucleotides
RNA, DNA

3. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates have the general formula of(CH2O)n, with abundant hydroxyl groups(-OH).
Carbohydrates can be either a single sugar, (Click) monosaccharide like glucose, (Click) a disaccharide like sucrose, or a series of monosaccharides
(Click) polysaccharides like Starch.
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4. Monosaccharides
glucose, "blood sugar", the immediate source of energy for cellular respiration
galactose, a sugar in milk (and yogurt), and
fructose, a sugar found in honey.
Although all three share the same molecular formula (C6H12O6), the arrangement of atoms differs in each case. Substances such as these three, which have identical molecular formulas but different structural formulas, are known as isomers.
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7. + http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/Westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htm
Two monosaccharides can be
linked together to form a "double" sugar or disaccharide by Condensation reaction
The reverse reaction is Hydrolysis where sucrose molecule is broken down into two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose.
Condensation
Hydrolysis
+ H2O
Sucrose
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8. Polysaccharides Starch Glycogen Cellulose
Complex molecules composed of three or more monosaccharides
Starch
Stores glucose in plant in the form of
Glycogen
Stores glucose in animals
in the form of highly branched chain,
used for quick energy.
Coiled unbranched
chain
Highly branched
chain
Cellulose
In the form of straight chains linked
together by hydrogen bonds.
Gives rigidity and strength
to plant cells
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9. Proteins
Macromolecules or polymers constructed from one or more unbranched chains of polypeptide .A polypeptide chain is composed of amino acids. A typical protein contains 200–300 amino acids
The protein represented here consists of two polypeptide chains, a long one on the left and a short one on the right.
Amino acids (Click) are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins. 20 different amino acids are used to synthesize proteins. The shape and other properties of each protein is dictated by the precise sequence of amino acids in it.
*** The important example of proteins are
(Click) Enzymes.
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10. The basic structural of an Amino Acid
Hydrogen
Carboxyl Group
Amino Group
ALANINE
Functional Group
GLYCINE
VALINE
Amino acids are joined together by a (Click) peptide bond.
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11. Amino acids are joined by condensation and a water molecule is removed
Amino acids are joined by condensation and a water molecule is removed. It is formed as a result of a condensation reaction between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.The bond formed as a result between the two amino acids is called a peptide bond and the product is called dipeptide.
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12. Enzymes
Enzymes are (Click) catalysts. Most are proteins. Enzymes bind temporarily to one or more of the reactants of the reaction they catalyze. In doing so, they lower the amount of activation energy needed and thus speed up the reaction
In order to do its work, an enzyme must unite with at least one of the reactants(substrate). This requirement for complementarity in the configuration of substrate and enzyme explains the remarkable specificity of most enzymes. Generally, a given enzyme is able to catalyze only a single chemical reaction
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13. Enzymes are organic molecules that act as catalysts.
They speed up chemical reactions by decreasing
the amount of activation energy.
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14. Lipids
Large, nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water. They have higher ratio of carbon hydrogen bonds ( that store energy) than carbon oxygen bonds.
Most lipids are composed of (Click) fatty acids.
Lipids
Complex Lipids
(Click) Steroids
(Click) Triglycerides
(Click) Phospholipids
(Click)
Waxes
Cholesterol
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15. (nonpolar,interact With water molecules)
A fatty acid is a long unbranched carbon chain with carboxyl group –COOH attached to one end.
Ahydrocarbon end
(nonpolar,interact With water molecules)
hydrophobic
A carboxyl group
(polar,attracted to
water molecules)
Hydrophilic
Saturated fatty acid
Carbon atoms make single bonds.
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Unsaturated
Carbon atoms make double bond.
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16. Triglycerides Three molecules of fatty acids + a glycerol molecule
Unsaturated Triglycerides
Saturated Triglycerides
unsaturated fatty acids
Liquids at room temperature
Ex. Plant seed & fruits
Saturated fatty acids
Solid at room temperature
Ex. Animal fats
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17. Phospholipids Two molecules of fatty acids + a glycerol molecule
Hydrophilic Head
Hydrophobic Tails
Hydrophilic Head
Our cell membranes are made mostly of phospholipids arranged in a double layer with the tails from both layers “inside” (facing toward each other) and the heads facing “out” (toward the watery environment) on both surfaces( lipid bilayer). The membrane serves as barrier between the inside and outside of the cell
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18. Waxes Steroids Long fatty acid chain+Long alcohol chain.
It forms protective layer in animal and plants
Steroids
Composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups
Ex. **cholesterol
**many animal hormones
like the male hormone
testosterone.
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19. Nucleic Acids Very large molecules(polymers) that store genetic information.
They composed of linked monomers called (Click) nucleotides.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
contains information for
all cell activities
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
stores and transfer the
information for protein
production
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20. Nucleotide Structure: Monomers of nucleic acids
Phosphate Group
Nitrogen Base
Five Carbon
Sugar
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