1. Foundations of biology
Unit 1
Foundations of biology

2. Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the ____________processes within and related to ________organisms. It is a laboratory based science that brings together biology and chemistry. By using chemical knowledge and techniques, biochemists can understand and solve ______________ problems
Chapter 3
biochemistry

3. Section 1 Carbon compounds
Objectives
Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds
Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules
Identify functional groups in biological molecules
Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical reactions

4. Section 1 Vocabulary Organic compound Functional group Monomer Polymer
Macromolecule
Condensation reaction
Hydrolysis
Adenosine triphosphate

5. Carbon compounds Water is primary medium for life…
Living organisms’ molecules are based on the element ______________
Can form _______and __________molecules

6. Carbon Bonding
Organic compounds: ______________________ ________________________________________
Most matter in living orgs (not water)
Inorganic compounds: ____________________
Few exceptions

7. Carbon bonding __ electrons in outermost energy level Stable when…
__________________________________________
Carbon can bond with other carbon atoms forming
____________________
_____________________

8. Carbon bonding 1 line represents a _______________________:
___________________________________________
2 lines represents a ______________________
3 lines represents a ______________________

9. Functional groups
Clusters of atoms that influence the ___________of the molecule they compose
__________________________(________________)

10. Large carbon molecules
Carbon compounds are made of smaller units – ___________that bind together to form ____________(molecule made of repeated, linked units)
Macromolecule: ______________________
Monomers link together through a process called _______________________________.

11. Condensation reaction
Each time a monomer is added to a polymer, a __________ molecule is released.
Two monomers become linked by a _______________________
One monomer releases a __________ion (H+) and the other releases a __________ion (OH-), these two ions combine to form ___________

12. Hydrolysis reaction _______________________________________
Water mol breaks bond between monomers
Reverse of C.R.

13. Energy currency Life requires energy
Energy is available in compounds that ______________________________________
When covalent bond breaks, _______________________
Covalent bond

14. Homework section 1 Answer Section 1 Review in your homework book
Answer all questions
Start on a new page
Please write the date at the top
Heading: Carbon Compounds

15. Section 2 Molecules of life
Objectives
Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides
Explain the relationship between amino acids and protein structure
Describe the induced fit model of an enzyme action
Compare the structure and function of each of the different types of lipids
Compare the nucleic acids of DNA and RNA

16. Section 2 Vocabulary Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Protein
Amino acid
Peptide bond
Polypeptide
Enzyme
Substrate
Vocabulary
Active site
Lipid
Fatty acid
Phospholipid
Wax
Steroid
Nucleic acid
DNA
RNA
Nucleotide

17. Molecules of life
4 main classes of organic compounds essential to life:
______________
________________
__________________
Made in different ratios of ________________
Each class has different __________________

18. Carbohydrates Organic compounds
Made of ____________ in a ratio __________
Number of carbons vary
Some used for _________
Some used as __________________
_______________, _________________, ___________________

19. Monosaccharides _______________________________ Simple sugar
Contains C,H,O in ratio 1:2:1
General formula ___________________
n = any whole number _____________
Example: (CH2O)6 → C6H12O6
Most common: _________, _______, _________
Glucose=main source of _____________
Fructose=found in _____________
Galactose=found in ____________

20. Monosaccharides
Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural forms are called isomers.

21. Disaccharides
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

22. Polysaccharides Complex molecule ____________________________________
Animals stores glucose in a polysaccharide called _______________ (100s of glucose mols strung together)
Plants store glucose in a polysaccharide called ________________
Plants also make cellulose (a polysaccharide which gives strength) (1000s of glucose mols)

23. Polysaccharides

24. proteins Organic compound Made mostly of ___________
Monomer: ________________
Proteins are made by linking monomers (amino acids)
________, _________, _________, ___________ are made mostly of proteins

25. Amino acids 20 different amino acids, shares a basic structure
Each contains:
Central C atom, covalently bonded to 4 other atoms/functional groups
_______________________________
________________________________

26. Amino acids

27. Dipeptides
____________________________________________________________(__________________)

28. polypeptides Very long chain of ________________
Proteins are 1/more ______________________
100s of amino acids
Bent and folded due to bonding between ______________________

29. enzymes
RNA or protein mols that act as _____________ ___________ (a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change)
Enzyme actions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme and the __________(reactant being catalysed): ___________________________

30. 4. Enzyme is unchanged, ______________________________
Induced fit model
1. Enzyme has ___________________ where specific substrate fits
2. Linkage of enzyme and substrate causes slight change in enzyme ___________, which reduces the _________________________ (energy required to start reaction)
3. Enzyme releases ________________
4. Enzyme is unchanged, ______________________________

31. Induced fit model

32. lipids Large, _______________, organic mols
________________________________
Includes:
___________________
_________________________
_______________
Higher ratio of C,H to O than carbs
Stores more ___________________

33. Fatty acid
Unbranched
Long carbon chain (________Cs) with a ___________group (-COOH)
Two ends have different properties
Carboxyl: _____, _________, ______________________
Hydrocarbon tail: _________, not interact with water, ____________(water fearing)

34. Fatty acid
Saturated fatty acid: each C atom is covalently bonded to _____________, ______________________
Unsaturated fatty acid: has C atoms not bonded to max number of atoms, _______________________

35. Triglycerides
________________________________________________________________________________

36. Saturated Triglycerides
Composed of ____________________________
_____________ melting point
Hard at ___________________
___________________________________

37. unSaturated Triglycerides
Composed of _________________________
______________ at room temp
Found in ____________________

38. Phospholipids ______fatty acids attached to glycerol
_________attached to third C of glycerol
Cell membrane is made of two layers of phospholipids = _______________

39. waxes __________________________________________ ___________________
_____________________on plants’ outer surface
____________ protects animals’ ears

40. steroids
______________________________________________________________________________
Male hormone ________________ is a steroid
______________ is a steroid

41. Nucleic acids Very large, complex, organic mols
Store and transfer ________________________
Two major types:
Deoxyribonucleic acid: ______
_________________________________
Ribonucleic acid: _______
______________________________________________________________________________________
DNA & RNA are polymers, made from the monomers ______________

42. Homework section 2 Answer Section 2 Review in your homework book
Answer all questions
Start on a new page
Please write the date at the top
Heading: Molecules of Life