A Cladogram of Plant Groups – shows evolutionary relationships of plants Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives Green algae ancestor Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue

The Diversity of Plants Cone-bearing plants 760 species Flowering plants 235,000 species Ferns and their relatives 11,000 species Mosses and their relatives 15,600 species

Structure of a Leaf - the cuticle protects the leaf against transpiration Veins Epidermis Palisade mesophyll Xylem Vein Phloem Spongy mesophyll Epidermis Stoma Guard cells

Plants are categorized as Annuals Biennials Perennials that complete their life cycle in that complete their life cycle in that complete their life cycle in 1 growing season 2 years More than 2 years

Types of Plants – Seedless Mosses (Bryophytes) Ferns (Pterophyta)

Cone Bearing (Gymnosperms) Types of Plants - seeds Cone Bearing (Gymnosperms) Flowering (Angiosperm)

Gymnosperms vs Angiosperms Comparing Features of Seed Plants Feature Seeds Reproduction Examples Gymnosperms Angiosperms Bear their seeds on cones Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination Conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, gnetophytes Bear their seeds within flowers Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination Grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, wildflowers, cultivated flowers

Flower Functions Sexual Reproduction! Flowers are pollinated by: Wind Insects Birds

FLOWER PARTS Pistil – female part of the plant Contains the stigma, style and ovary (surround and protect the seeds)

FLOWER PARTS Stamen – male part of the plant Contains the anther and filament

FLOWER PARTS Petals – colorful, leaflike structures Sepals – green leaflike structures at the base of the flower

The structure of a flower. Filament Anther Stigma Style Ovary Carpel Petal Sepal Ovule Stamen

Fruit – after pollination the ovary develops a wall of tissue surrounding the seed

Comparison of Monocots and Dicots Figure 22–25 Comparison of Monocots and Dicots Monocots Dicots Single cotyledon Parallel veins Floral parts often in multiples of 3 Vascular bundles scattered throughout stem Fibrous roots Two cotyledons Branched veins Floral parts often in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular bundles arranged in a ring Taproot Seeds Leaves Flowers Stems Roots

Transpiration A B Evaporation of water molecules out of leaves. Pull of water molecules upward from the roots.