PRESENT, FUTURE, AND PERFECT FORMS OF SUM AND THE USES OF THE INFINITIVE Lesson XIV & XV

Forms of Sum Other verbs we’ve learned fit into standard conjugations, specifically first and second. For these verbs, there are steps that you can follow to conjugate any of the verbs in the same conjugation. These verbs are called REGULAR VERBS.

Forms of Sum Some verbs don’t follow the rules of any of the conjugations. These verbs are called IRREGULAR VERBS. You must memorize the special conjugation for these verbs separately from the four conjugations. The most common verb in Latin is one of these irregular verbs: the word for “to be”... including is, are, were, etc. The four principal parts of sum are sum, esse, fui, futurus, but you can’t use the second principal part to form the stem for the present and future tense.

Forms of Sum We’ve only seen the present forms of sum in the third person forms est and sunt. The full conjugation looks like this. Notice that the stem changes: SingularPlural 1 st Personsum = I amsumus = we are 2 nd Persones = you areestis = y’all are 3 rd Personest = he/she/it is sunt = they are

Forms of Sum The future form of sum is less irregular, but it still doesn’t fit into any of the regular conjugations. Notice that it’s the same as bo, bis, bit, except with er instead of b. SingularPlural 1 st Personero = I will beerimus = we will be 2 nd Personeris = you will beeritis = y’all will be 3 rd Personerit = he/she/it will be erunt = they will be

Forms of Sum The perfect form of sum is regular. It uses the third principal part (fui) as the stem. You may notice that the third person can be translated the same way as erat and erant, but that is a different tense. SingularPlural 1 st Person fui = i have been, was fuimus = we have been, were 2 nd Person fuisti = you have been, were fuistis = y’all have been, were 3 rd Person fuit = he/she/it has been, was fuerunt = they have been, were

Uses of the Infinitive The second principal part of a verb—i.e. the one we use for the stem of the present and future tenses of regular verbs—is called the present active infinitive. Most infinitives end with –re. The infinitive can act like a direct object in that it completes the meaning of a verb.

Uses of the Infinitive When the infinitive is used as the direct object, it completes the meaning of a verb. For example... Ad Italiam navigare parat. He prepares TO SAIL to Italy. The infinitive navigare completes the verb parat. It shows WHAT he prepares to do.

Uses of the Infinitive When it’s used as the direct object, it completes the meaning of a verb. For example... In silva ambulare amamus. We love TO WALK in the forest. The infinitive ambulare completes the meaning of the verb amamus. It shows WHAT we love to do.

Uses of the Infinitive Try to create your own sentence with an infinitive as a direct object by using the following Latin words. Remember to change the endings as needed: mereo, merere, merui, meritus – to deserve, to earn habeo, habere, habui, habitus – to have, to hold praemium, -i (n.) – a reward

Aristotoles et Alexander (pg. 97) Aristotoles magister bonus multorum viororum erat.

Aristotoles et Alexander (pg. 97) Philosophiam et scientiam naturalem docuit.

Aristotoles et Alexander (pg. 97) Aristoteles erat clarus et bonus magister,

Aristotoles et Alexander (pg. 97) Philippus, rex Macedoniae, Aristotelem probavit.

Aristotoles et Alexander (pg. 97) Philipus filium habuit, Alexandrum, puerum bonum et amicum.

Aristotoles et Alexander (pg. 97) Philippus claro magistro Aristoteli puerum Alexandrum mandavit:

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & ) colonus, -i (m.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & ) filius, -i (m.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & ) arma, -orum (n. pl.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & ) auxilium, -i (n.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & ) bellum, -i (n.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & ) concordia, -ae (f.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & ) dea, -ae (f.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & ) deus, -i (m.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & ) nuntius, -i (m.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & ) officium, -i (n.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & ) officium, -i (n.)

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & ) sum, esse, fui, futurus

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & ) habito, habitare, habitavi, habitatus

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & ) migro, -are, -avi, -atus

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & ) debeo, debere, debui, debitus

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & ) inquit

Vocabulary (pg. 101 & ) maturo, -are, -avi, -atus

Assignments Make flashcards for the vocabulary on pages 101 and Translate Aristoteles et Alexander on page 97. Complete Exercises A 1-3 and B 1-3 on page 100. Complete Exercises B 1-5 and C 1-5 on page 115.