1. + Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives
Lesson XXX
Pluperfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
+ Lesson XXIX: Substantive Adjectives

2. Perfect System The PERFECT SYSTEM of Latin verbs has 3 tenses: Perfect
Pluperfect (aka “past perfect”)
Future perfect

3. Perfect Tense System
The perfect system gets its name because all 3 tenses use the “perfect stem.”
Perfect stem: 3rd principal part of the verb minus –i.
Remember “i surgery!” 

4. Perfect Tense Review i -imus isti -istis it -erunt
We’ve already learned the perfect tense.
Perfect tense translates I verbed, I did verb, I have verbed.
i -imus
isti -istis
it -erunt

5. Pluperfect/Past Perfect Tense
The pluperfect, or past perfect, tense refers to an action that was completed before a certain time in the past.
e.g.: He had gone. (before something else happened)
He had gone to the store before his mom could tell him they needed milk.
Past perfect/pluperfect tense is always translated in English with the helping verb HAD.

6. Forming Pluperfect/Past Perfect

7. Add the letters “era” to the perfect stem.
Example: amavera-
Add the personal endings.
-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt

8. Amaveram Amaveramus Amaveras Amaveratis Amaverat Amaverant I had loved
Singular
Plural
1st person
Amaveram
I had loved
Amaveramus
We had loved
2nd person
Amaveras
You had loved
Amaveratis
Y’all had loved
3rd person
Amaverat
He/she/it had loved
Amaverant
They had loved

9. duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead
Singular Plural
1st dux dux
2nd dux dux
3rd dux dux
eram
erat
eras
eramus
erant
eratis

10. Future Perfect Tense
The future perfect tense refers to an action completed before a certain time in the future.
e.g.: He will have gone. (before something else will happen)
He already will have gone to the store before his mom can tell him they’re out of milk.
Future perfect tense is always translated in English with the helping verbs WILL HAVE.

11. Forming Future Perfect

12. Add the personal endings
Add the personal endings. (Use the same ones you used for the pluperfect, but just use –o in instead of –im/-io for 1st person singular.)
-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt

13. Amo, amare, amavi, amatus Amavero Amaverimus Amaveris Amaveritis
Singular
Plural
1st person
Amavero
I will have loved
Amaverimus
We will have loved
2nd person
Amaveris
You will have loved
Amaveritis
Y’all will have loved
3rd person
Amaverit
h/s/i will have loved
Amaverint
They will have loved

14. doceo, docere, docui, doctus---teach
Singular Plural
1st docu docu
2nd docu docu
3rd docu docu
ero
erit
eris
erimus
erint
eritis

15. Your Turn! What are the tenses of the following verbs? afuimus
produxerat
retinuisti
noverunt
processerimus
amiseratis
docebas

16. Your turn!
Give the past perfect (pluperfect) tense chart for lego, legere, lexi, lectus: choose.
Give the future perfect tense chart for
facio, facere, feci, factus: make.

17. Substantive Adjectives
Sometimes adjectives can be used as nouns.
Why do the good die young?
The few, the proud, the Marines.
The best is yet to be.
When an adjective is used in place of a noun, it’s called a substantive adjective.

18. Substantive Adjectives
Remember that adjectives have 3 genders: masculine, feminine, neuter.
bonus, bona, bonum
Because they already have 3 gender forms, they can easily be subbed for nouns like man, woman, and thing.

19. Substantive Adjectives
bonus: good man
bona: good woman
bonum: good thing
The words use 1st and 2nd declension noun endings like the ones you’ve already learned.

20. Substantive Adjectives
boni: good men (or “people”…masculine was used when referring to mixed groups)
bonae: good women
bona: good things
remember neuter plural nom/acc end in –a like feminine singulars! So, “bona” could be “the good woman” or “good things”

21. Substantive Adjectives
miser, misera, miserum
Miser est meus amicus.
The poor man is my friend.
Misera ad silvam ambulat.
The poor woman walks to the forest.
Miserum non amamus.
We do not like the unhappy thing.

22. Your Turn! a good man bona the truth (a true thing) nostri many people
many things
our men
goods
misfortune (a bad thing)
bad people
poor woman
my things
bona
nostri
mea
bonus
misera
malum
multi
verum
mali
multa