1. Latin Grammar Formation of the Perfect Tense of Deponent Verbs (Grammar from 3B, pp.154-56)

2. The Perfect of Non-Deponents  We have already learned the perfect of non-deponent verbs.  It’s easy to make.  Merely remove the “-ī” from a verb’s third principal part, and add the following endings: singularplural 1 st person:-ī-imus 2 nd person:-istī-istis 3 rd person-it-ērunt Remember: These endings are unique to the perfect!

3. The Perfect of Non-Deponents  amō, amāre, amāuī, amātus singularplural 1 st person:amāuīamāuimus 2 nd person:amāuistīamāuistis 3 rd personamāuitamāuērunt

4. The Perfect of Non-Deponents  capiō, capere, cēpī, captus singularplural 1 st person:cēpīcēpimus 2 nd person:cēpistīcēpistis 3 rd personcēpitcēpērunt

5. Fact to Know  Non-deponent verbs (with some minor exceptions) of all conjugations, regular and irregular, form the perfect in the same way.

6. Perfect of Deponent Verbs  The perfect of deponent verbs is even easier to form than that of non-deponents.  The third principal part of a deponent verb is the first-person singular perfect form. minor, minarī, minātus sum: minātus sum = I threatened (have threatened) ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum: ingressus sum = I entered (have entered)

7. Perfect of Deponent Verbs  Note that the first word in the third principal part of a deponent verb is a participle. minātus sum ingressus sum  A participle is an adjective made from a verb.  This participle declines just like multus, -a, -um, that is, as an adjective of the first and second declension

8. Perfect of Deponent Verbs  Being adjectives, these participles have to agree in gender and number with the subject of the sentence.  Just as a man says bonus sum but a woman says bona sum,  a man must say minātus sum or ingressus sum, but a woman must say mināta sum or ingressa sum

9. Perfect of Deponent Verbs  To conjugate the perfect of deponent verbs, we simply conjugate the sum of the third principal part.  But we have to also change the form of the participle to agree with the subject.

10. Perfect of Deponent Verbs singularplural minātus, mināta, minātum summinātī, minātae, mināta sumus minātus, mināta, minātum esminātī, minātae, mināta estis minātus, mināta, minātum estminātī, minātae, mināta sunt singularplural minātus, -a, -um summinātī, -ae, -a sumus minātus, -a, -um esminātī, -ae, -a estis minātus, -a, -um estminātī, -ae, -a sunt

11. Fact to Know  All deponent verbs of all conjugations form the perfect in the same way.  Rember, the nice thing about the perfect, both non-deponent and deponent, is that all verbs form their perfect in the same way!

12. Perfect of Deponent Verbs  Examples: minātus es. mināta es. Marcus minātus est. serua mināta est. minātī sumus. minātae sumus. seruī minātī sunt. meretrīcēs minātae sunt.