1. Future and Perfect of “sum” Translating infinitives
Lesson XVII
Future and Perfect of “sum”
Translating infinitives

2. arma, armorum (n.)
arms, weapons

3. auxilium, auxili (n.)
aid, help

4. bellum, belli (n.)
war

5. concordia, concordiae (f.)
harmony

6. nuntius, nunti (m.)
messenger

7. causa, causae (f.)
cause, reason, case

8. dominus, domini (m.)
master

9. oppidum, oppidi (n.)
town

10. populus, populi (m.)
people

11. aequus, aequa, aequum
even, just, calm

12. latus, lata, latum
wide

13. publicus, publica, publicum

14. verus, vera, verum
true, real, not false

15. debeo, debere, debui, debitus
ought, owe

16. maturo, maturare, maturavi, maturatus
hasten

17. quis
who?

18. quid ?
what?

19. ubi
where? when? ?

20. -ne ?
(used to introduce yes-or-no questions)

21. nonne ?
(used to introduce questions expecting a “yes” answer)

22. “SUM” “Sum” is the “to be” verb.
Like other languages, including English, “sum” is an irregular verb in Latin.
SUM, ESSE, FUI, FUTURUS: to be

23. Future Tense of “Sum”: ERO text p. 127 (1st chart)
Singular
Plural
ero I will be
erimus we will be
eris you will be
eritis y’all will be
erit he/she/ it will be
erunt they will be
These are stand-alone words, not endings.

24. “ERO” in action! Nauta ero. Erit servus. Eris agricola bonus.
Erunt laeti (happy).
Numerus erit parvus.
Victoria erit grata.
I will be a sailor.
He will be a slave.
You will be a good farmer.
They will be happy.
The number will be small.
Victory will be pleasing.

25. Perfect Tense of “Sum”: FUI text p. 127 (2nd chart)
Singular
Plural
fui I have been,was
fuimus we have been, were
fuisti you have been, were
fuistis y’all have been, were
fuit he/she/ it has been, was
fuerunt they have been, were
sum, esse, fui, futurus: to be
Drop the “i” and add the perfect endings like we learned for other verbs.

26. “FUI” in action! Nauta fui. Fuit servus. etc.
I have been (was) a sailor.
He has been (was) a slave.

27. Things to Take Away With You…
The verb “to be” has future and perfect tenses.
Future tense: “ero” (already learned in class)
Perfect tense: “fui” (uses perfect tense endings already learned in class)
Learn both charts!

28. Infinitives p. 128 text
An infinitive is a verb with the word “to” in front of it
to carry, to tell, to love, to hurry…
Remember: “TO infinity (-ive)…” 

29. Using Infinitives
In Latin, infinitives are the 2nd principal part of the verb.
Infinitives end in –re.
amo, amare: to love
porto, portare: to carry
doceo, docere: to teach

30. Using Infinitives Infinitives can be used as subjects.
Docere est gratum. To teach is pleasing.
Habere amicos est bonum. To have friends is good. (It’s good to have friends.)

31. Using Infinitives Infinitives can be used as objects.
Puella pupas portare amat. The girl likes to carry dolls.
Cibum parare debet. He ought to prepare food.

32. Things to Take Away With You…
Infinitives are translated “to (verb)”
Infinitives are the 2nd part of a Latin verb.
Latin infinitives are recognized by their –re ending.

33. nonne ?
(used to introduce questions expecting a “yes” answer)

34. dominus, domini (m.)
master

35. arma, armorum (n.)
arms, weapons

36. quid ?
what?

37. auxilium, auxili (n.)
aid, help

38. maturo, maturare, maturavi, maturatus
hasten

39. ubi
where? when? ?

40. nuntius, nunti (m.)
messenger

41. causa, causae (f.)
cause, reason, case

42. -ne ?
(used to introduce yes-or-no questions)

43. populus, populi (m.)
people

44. aequus, aequa, aequum
even, just, calm

45. latus, lata, latum
wide

46. publicus, publica, publicum

47. verus, vera, verum
true, real, not false

48. quis
who?

49. bellum, belli (n.)
war

50. debeo, debere, debui, debitus
ought, owe

51. concordia, concordiae (f.)
harmony

52. oppidum, oppidi (n.)
town