WHS AP Psychology Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion and Stress Essential Task 8-5: Apply the motivational theories to describe human drives for contact, aggression, achievement, and affiliation

We are here Motivation & Emotion Stress Sources Measures Theories Effects Coping Motivation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Drive Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Intrinsic/ Extrinsic Motivation Human Drives Theories of Emotion James-Lange Cognitive Appraisal Schachter two-factor Cannon-Bard Opponent Process Explain complex motives (eating, aggression, achievement and sex)

Essential Task 8-5: Apply the motivational theories to describe human drives for –Contact –Aggression –Achievement –Affiliation Outline

We need CONTACT Harry Harlow and the orphaned monkeys Surrogate Mother 1 – Wire mesh, food, and warmth. Surrogate Mother 2 – Cuddles, warmth but no food. Outline

Application of Harlow’s research

Aggression Behavior that is intended to inflict physical or psychological harm on others. Freud saw it as a innate drive (thanatos) that builds up until released. Society helps channel release into acceptable outlets (sports, debates, video games) Frustration can increase aggression

Cultural differences in Aggression

Gender Differences: Aggression

Gender differences in Aggression

Why? Testosterone? –Can be associated with aggressiveness and irritability –Would explain how this patter is seen throughout cultures Societal influences?

Achievement Work orientation –Desire to work hard to do a good job Mastery –Take on difficult challenges just to get better Competitiveness –Enjoyment of pitting one’s skills against those of other people (this can hurt you and your groups though)

Who achieves? Characteristics of those who achieve –Fast learners –Overcome mental sets –Driven to live up to high internal standards –Self confident –Take on responsibilities –don’t bow to social pressures

Affiliation The need to be with other people Increases when we feel threatened Reduce fear and anxiety Evolutionary benefit