2. AP Psychology : Motivation

3. Motivation
Motivation – an internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal.

4. Social Motives
Opening Activity: A recent study indicated that 70 percent of high school students and 56 percent of middle school students have cheated on an exam in the past year.
What do you think is the primary motivation for cheating in high school? Explain your answer.

5. Motivation
Types Motivation
Drives versus motives

6. Motivation Types Motivation Drives versus motives Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation

7. Theories of Motivation
Instinct theory (inherited)
Fixed action patterns
Theoretical problems

8. Theories of Motivation
Drive-Reduction Theory (biological)
Biological needs
Homeostasis
Theoretical problems

9. Theories of Motivation
Cognitive theory (mind)
Social learning theory Julian Rotter
Locus of control
Internal locus
Self- efficacy
External locus

10. Theories of Motivation
Psychodynamic Theory (Freud)
Sex drive (eros)
Death drive (thanatos)

11. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Discussion: Imagine you and your friends are stranded on a deserted island. The island is in the northern Atlantic, and it is September. There are no other people, buildings, electricity on the island; however, there is vegetation and some small game animals.
List the first several steps that you would take to secure your groups survival on the island.

12. Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (humanistic)

13. A Hierarchy of Motives

14. A Hierarchy of Motives

15. A Hierarchy of Motives

16. A Hierarchy of Motives

17. A Hierarchy of Motives

18. A Hierarchy of Motives

19. A Hierarchy of Motives

20. Theories of Motivation
Reflection: Which theory of motivation best describes your motivation to go to college? Explain your answer.

21. Theories of Motivation
In scoring, responses placed before items 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, and 14 should be reversed (6 = 1, 5 = 2, 4 = 3, 3 = 4, 2 = 5, 1 = 6) and then added to the responses before the rest of the items. Total scores can range from 15 to 90. College students have a mean score of about 60.

22. Theories of Motivation
A gender difference in the scores approached significance, with females scoring slightly higher than males. Factor analysis identified at least four factors measured by the scale: autonomy, self-acceptance, acceptance of emotions, and trust and responsibility in interpersonal relations.

23. Theories of Motivation
The index was also correlated with other scales. According to these other scales, high scorers on the index tend to live in the present, rather than in the past with guilt and regret or in the future with over idealized goals and fears. High scorers also tend to be inner-directed, extraverted, and rational in their thoughts and behaviors.

24. Theories of Motivation
Opening Activity: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

25. Theories of Motivation
Achievement Motivation
Psychological motive
Operates at a conscious level
Affected by culture
Individualist versus collectivist

26. Theories of Motivation
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Murray & McClelland
Measures themes of story
n Ach score
Characteristics of high scores
Persistence
Higher IQ’s
Leadership
More successful and competitive

27. Theories of Motivation
Hunger Motivation
Multi-System Approach
Hypothalamus

29. Theories of Motivation
Hunger Motivation
Multi-System Approach
Hypothalamus
Set point
Sweet & high fat foods

30. Theories of Motivation
Hunger Motivation
Multi-System Approach
Hypothalamus
Set point
Sweet & high fat foods
Fat cells

31. Theories of Motivation
Hunger Motivation
Multi-System Approach
Hypothalamus
Set point
Sweet & high fat foods
Fat cells
Other triggers and environmental cues (group discussion)

32. Weight Discrimination

33. Theories of Motivation
Eating disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Environmental and biological

34. Theories of Motivation
Human Sexuality
Alfred Kinsey (video clip)
Masters and Johnson

35. Theories of Motivation
Human Sexuality
Alfred Kinsey (video clip)
Masers and Johnson

36. Theories of Motivation
Human Sexuality
Alfred Kinsey (video clip)
Masters and Johnson
Testosterone
Sexual cues
Sexual scripts

37. Theories of Motivation

38. Theories of Motivation

39. Theories of Motivation
The Stress Response
Stress versus stressor
Primitive stressors
Starvation
Exposure
Mortal attack
“fight or flight”
Limbic system
Amygdala and Hypothalamus
“tend or befriend”

40. Theories of Motivation
Traumatic stressors
Catastrophe
Five stages
Psychic numbness
Automatic action
Communal effort
Letdown
Recovery
Posttraumatic Stress (PTSD)

41. Theories of Motivation
General Adaption Syndrome (Hans Selye’s)
Three Stages
Alarm reaction
Resistance
Exhaustion

42. Theories of Motivation
Stress and the immune system
Type A = competitive, impatient, perfectionist
Type B = Relaxed approach
Learned helplessness