Phonetics Unit 1

Introduction - Review What is phonetics? What are the origins of phonetics? How can we define sounds? What are the stages of sound production and perception? Which activities have derived from these stages?

Introduction - Review What is involved in the production of sounds? Which human organs are involved when we speak? What are the two subystems involved in the process of speaking?

Introduction - Review How are lungs called in the speaking process? How can we produce –V and +V sounds? What’s another name for pharynx, nasal and oral cavities? How do we call the organs in the oral cavity? How can we describe sounds?

Description of speech sounds Articulation = physiological movements to modify the airstream Discrete sounds = segmentals (consonants vowels) Ways to articulate of segments: Articulators completely close off the vocal tract Narrow the space in the vocal tract Modify the shape of vocal tract

Description of speech sounds Obstruction of airstream = consonantal sounds Absence of obstruction = vocalic sounds Sounds are described according to 2 parameters: Point of articulation: describes which articulator is involved in the production of a sound. Manner of articulation: describes the type of closure made by the articulators and the way the air is released.

Consonants: Point/place of articulation Bilabial: 2 lips obstruct the airstream /p, b, m/ Examples: place, bathroom, mother Labio-dental: the inner edge of lower lip get into light contact with the upper teeth /f, v/ Examples: false, very Dental: tip of tongue against the upper teeth /ө, ð/ Examples: mouth, there

Consonants: Point/place of articulation Alveolar: tip and blade of the tongue get into light contact with the alveolar ridge /d, t, n, l, s, z/ Examples: dental, toe, narrow, low, sun, zone Retroflex: tip of tongue curled back next to the hard palate, but without contact /r/ Exampl: car

Consonants: Point/place of articulation Alveo-palatal: tip or blade of tongue at front of palate, near the alveolar ridge /ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ/ Examples: shoe, treasure, choice, gym Palatal: front of togue at palate /Spanish-r/ /j/ Examples: pero, you Velar: obstruction of airstream with the back of the tongue at the soft palate or velum /k, g, ŋ/ Examples: clown, got, song

Consonants: Point/place of articulation Uvular: back of tongue at the uvula /French-r/ Example: pour Glottal: air passing through glottis causing friction in vocal folds but no vibration /h/ Example: home

Consonants: Point/place of articulation Point of articulation/ voicing Bilabial +V -V Labio-dental +V -V Dental Alveolar +V -V Retro flex Alveo-palatal Palatal Velar +V -V Glottal Sounds b p m v f ð ө d t n s l z r ʒ ʃ ʤ ʧ Spanish-r j g k ŋ h Examples Book Mouth Plot Funny Very There Drop Nice Love Buzz Tie Sun Rain Doge Pleasure Shout Catch Carro Yet Goal King Key House

Consonants: Manner of articulation Stops: complete closure at some point of vocal tract, releasing airstream abruptly /p, b, t, d, k, g/ Fricatives: almost closing vocal tract and pushing airstream through a passage producing friction /f, v, ө, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/ Affricates: complete brief stopping of airstream with an obstructed release causing friction /ʧ, ʤ/

Consonants: Manner of articulation Laterals: obstuction at the center of vocal tract, airstream released through the sides of the contact /l/ Nasals: lowered velum and airstream flows though the nose /m, n, ŋ/ Flaps: a single rapid contact of the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge /ʕ/

Consonants: Manner of articulation Trills: a series of rapid intermitent closures with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge /Spanish-r/ Approximants: influence of the vowel sound that follows /r/ and the semivowels /j, w/

b p d t k g v f ð ө z s ʒ ʃ h ʤ ʧ l m n ŋ ʕ /Spanish-r/ r j w Place, manner, voicing Bilabial +V -V Labio-dental +V -V Dental Alveolar Retro flex +V -V Alveo-palatal Palatal Velar Glottal Stops b p d t k g Fricatives v f ð ө z s ʒ ʃ h Affricates ʤ ʧ Laterals l Nasals m n ŋ Flaps ʕ Trills /Spanish-r/ Approximants – Semi vowels r j w

Spelling of sounds /p/ voiceless bilabial stop, regularly represented by the letter “p” in writing. /b/ voiced bilabial stop, regularly represented by the letter “b” in writting. /t/ voiceless alveolar stop, represented in writing by: t…………time - tt……….better th………Thomas - ed……..washed

Spelling of sounds /d/ voiced alveolar stop, represented in writing by: d………..dear dd……..teddy /k/ voiceless velar stop, represented in writing by: k………..kind - qu………conquer c………..cake - ch………stomach cc……….accord

Spelling of sounds /g/ voiced velar stop, represented in writing by: g………smogg - gh…….ghost g…….smuggle /f/ voiceless labiodental fricative, represented in writing by: f……….fork - ff………off ph……physics - gh……cough

Spelling of sounds /v/ voiced labiodental fricative, represented in writing by: v……convent f…….of /ɵ/ voiceless dental fricative, regularly represented by “th”in writing. /ð/ voiced dental fricative, regularly represented by “th” in writing.

Spelling of sounds /s/ voiceless alveolar fricative, represented in writing by: s………soccer - ss…………assume c………cell - sc………..scissors x (ks)…….éxecute /z/ voiced alveolar fricative, represented in writing by: s……apples - ss……….scissors z…….zoom - zz………fuzzy x(gs)…..exám

Spelling of sounds /ʃ/ voiceless alveolpalatal fricative, represented in writing by: sh…..shoes - ch……machine s…….sugar - ss…….assure ti……nation - ci……..social sci…..conscience - ce…….ocean

Spelling of sounds /ʒ/ voiced alveopalatal fricative, represented in writing by: si………vision - s……….measure z……….seizure - ge……..rouge /h/ voiceless glottal fricative, represented in writing by: h……..heat - wh…..whose

Spelling of sounds /ʧ/ voiceless alveopalatal affricate, represented in writing by: ch……children - tch……match tu…….picture - te……..righteous tion….question

Spelling of sounds /ʤ/ voiceled alveopalatal affricate, represented in writing by: j…….judge - g…………gym dg….pledge - gg………..suggest dj…..adjacent - de……….grandeur di……soldier

Spelling of sounds /m/ voiced bilabial nasal, represented in writing by: m……..mother - mm……..summer mb…..comb - mn………column /n/ voiced alveolar nasal, represented in writing by: n………noon - nn……….funny kn…..know

Spelling of sounds /ŋ/ voiced velar nasal, represented in writing by: ng…..song - nk…..thank /l/ voiced alveolar lateral, represented in writing by: l……..life - ll……….call

Spelling of sounds /r/ voiced retroflex approximant, represented in writing by: r…….red - rr………narrow rh……rhyme /j/ voiced palatal semivowel, represented in writing by: y……yes - i………million u…..tune - ew……few eau…beauty - ui…….suit

Spelling of sounds /w/ voiced labiovelar semivowel, represented in writing by: w…….we - wh……when qu…...queen - gu……..language o……..once