1. Fricatives(마찰음): In the production of some continuants, the airflow is so severely obstructed that it causes friction. Fricatives have obstructed friction. - [f], [v], [ɵ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʒ], [ʃ], [h] (For more explanations about this, refer to page ) Affricates(파찰음): These sounds are produced by a stop closure followed immediately by gradual release of the closure that produces an effect characteristic of a fricative. - [ʤ], [ʧ] Liquids(유음): In the production of the liquids, there is some obstruction of the airstream in the mouth, but not enough to cause any real construction or friction. - [l], [r] Glides(전이음): These sounds are produced with little obstruction of the airstream. - [y], [w] a. Glides are always followed directly by a vowel and do not occur at the ends of words. (cf. Words ending in y or w like say and saw end in a vowel sound.) b. [y] or [j] is a palatal glide; the blade of the tongue is raised toward the hard palate in a position almost identical to that in producing the vowel sound [i] in the word beat[bit] c. The glide [w] is produced by both rounding the lips and simultaneously raising the back of the tongue toward the velum. It is thus a labio-velar glide.

2. Approximants(접근음): Approximants are close to the sonority value of vowels. Thus
the approximants has no actual friction and the most sonority value among consonants.
- [l], [r], [j], [w] central approximants: [r], [j], [w]
lateral approximants: [l]
Trills(전동음): A trilled r is produced by rapid vibrations of an articulator.
An alveolar trill, as in the Spanish word for ‘dog’, perro, is produced by vibrating
the tongue tip against the alveolar ridge.
Flaps(설탄음): - A flap is produced by a flick of the tongue against the alveolar ridge.
It sounds like a very fast d. It occurs in Spanish in words like pero meaning ‘but.’
- It may also occur in British English in words such as very. Its IPA symbol is [ɾ].
Most American speakers produce a flap instead of a [t] or [d] in words like
writer and rider, which then sound identical and are spelled phonetically as
[raɪɾər]
Clicks(설타음): These “exotic” sounds are made by moving air in the mouth between various
articulators. The sound of disapproval often spelled tsk is an alveolar click that
occurs in several languages of southern Africa such as Zulu.

3. (c) Voiced and Voiceless Sounds: - Voiceless sounds occur when the vocal cords are apart so that air flows freely through the glottis into the oral cavity. - Voiced sounds occur when the vocal cords are together and the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate. - The voiced/voiceless distinction is very important in English. This phonetic property distinguishes the words in pairs. rope/robe fate/fade rack/rag wreath/wreathe fine/vine seal/zeal choke/joke peat/beat (d) Aspirated and Unaspirated sound: [p], [t], [k] Voiceless sounds fall into two classes depending on the timing of the vocal cord closure. Aspirated Sound  In pit, the vocal cords remain open for a very short time after the lips come apart to release the p---a brief puff of air escapes before the glottis closes. e.g.) pin, tick, kin  [ph], [th], [kh] Unaspirated Sound  In spit, the vocal cords start vibrating as soon as the lips open. The p is unaspirated. e.g.) spot, still, skin  [p], [t], [k]

5. For phonetic symbol and English spelling correspondences, refer to pages for sure. You will be able to learn and make sure of many related examples as well as consonants’ sounds symbols and vowels’ sounds symbols. 9<3>