1. Introduction to Linguistics Ms. Suha Jawabreh Lecture # 7

2. -Manner of articulation: the various configurations produced by positioning the lips, tongue, velum, and glottis in different ways. ★ Oral vs. Nasal ★ Stops ★ Fricatives ★ Affricates ★ Liquids ★ Glides Approximants

3. Review: Fricatives Fricatives are consonants with the characteristic that when they are produced, the air escapes through a small passage and makes a hissing or a hushing sound.

4. English Fricatives Place of Articulation Labio-dental dental Alveolar Alveo-palatal Glottal Voiceless f θ s ʃ h Voiced v ð z ʒ

5. Review: Affricates ʧ and ʤ - Affricates begin as stops (plosives) and end as fricatives. - They start with the closure and hold phase of [t] and [d] but instead of a rapid release with plosion, the tongue moves to the position of the fricatives [ ʃ] and [ʒ]. -So the stop (plosive) is followed immediately by fricative noise.

6. Review: Approximants -There are four approximant consonants in English: 1. The lateral sound [l ] Liquids 2. The retroflex sound [r] 3. Semivowels or glides [w] & [y]

7. The Glottal Stop -The glottal stop is produced by obstructing the airflow in the glottis. - The glottis is closed completely. - The symbol in the IPA that represents this sound is [ ʔ ]. - This sound is considered to be characteristic of Cockney (London) speech.

8. The flap - The flap is produced by the tongue tip being thrown against the alveolar ridge for an instant. - The symbol in the IPA that represents this sound is [ D] or [ ɾ ]. - This sound is considered to be characteristic of American English. -Most Americans tend to flap the [t] and [d] consonants between vowels.

9. Vowels -Vowels are produced with a relatively free flow of air. - They are all typically voiced. -Examples: [i], [u].

10. How Are Vowels Described? - To describe vowel sounds we consider : 1. The height of the tongue. ( The vertical distance between the surface of the tongue and the roof of the mouth). 2. The backness or the frontness of the tongue. ( which part of the tongue is raised highest? The front or the back?) 3. The shape or the position of the lips ( rounded, spread or neutral).

11. English Front Vowels

12. The Vowel Quadrilateral

13. [i] beat [ ɪ ] bit [e] bait [ ɛ ] bet [æ] bat [ ʌ ] but [u] boots [ ʊ ] put [o] boat [ ɔ ] bought [ ɒ ] pot [ ə ] above

14. Diphthongs - The combination of two vowels sounds is called a diphthong. Examples: [ a ɪ ] buy [ a ʊ ] cow [ ɔɪ ] boy

15. Practice Transcribe the following words using phonetic symbols: 1. Lazy 8. about 2. Mean 9. that 3. Rude 10. chase 4. Should 11. point 5. Number 6. Child 7. Fill