1. Describing English Consonants
PHONOLOGY
Describing English Consonants By
Abdul Rismawansyah (E1D113001/IV A sore)
Andi Lomania C.M.P. (E1D1130../IV A sore)
Baiq Via Ayu Julia R. (E1D1130../IV A sore)

2. B. The anatomy of a consonant
Airstream mechanism
Voiced and voiceless
Oral and nasal
Manner of articulation
Central and Literal Airflow
Place of articulation

3. Airstream mechanism
The airstream mechanism is the method by which airflow is created in the vocal tract.
Of these six possible airstream mechanisms, four are found in words around the world:
Pulmonic egressive, where the air is pushed out of the lungs by the ribs and  diaphragm.
Pulmolic ingressive, where the air flows into your mouth while producing a sound.

4. Airstream mechanism
Glottalic airstream, started by movement of the larynx that can be felt that Adam’s apple protruding slightly about half away up the throat. Glottal airstream can be either egressive or ingressive.
Velaric ingressive,  velaric ingressive, where the air in the mouth is rarefied by a downward movement of the tongue. These are the clicks. Clicks are regular sounds in ordinary words in fewer than 2% of the world's languages, all but one in Africa.

5. Voiced and voiceless
In producing consonants, some consonants make vibration at Adam’s apple or voice box or Larynx, and some do not. Those consonants which make vibration called voiced and those which do not make vibration called voiceless. Voiced: [z] in word laze /leIz/ Voiceless: [s] in word less /les/

6. Oral and nasal
In producing the sounds of consonants, air will flow through mouth or thought nose. Oral is when air flows through mouth only, where velum is raised and pushed against the back wall of the pharynx, cutting off access to the nose. Meanwhile Nasal is when air flows through nose only. Oral: [m] in word ram /rᴂm/ Nasal: [s] in word less /les/

7. Manner of articulation
Stops
A consonant, which is produced by building-up the air which is then released when it moves from the stop to the following vowel. Example: [p] in word pea.
Tap, is a very quick, ballistic movement where the active articulator strikes a glancing blow against the passive one. Stopping of the airstream, but very brief. Example: [ɾ] in word butter.
Trill, is repeated taps, where the active articulator vibrates against the passive one. [r] is the example.

8. Manner of articulation
2. Fricatives During producing a fricative, the active and passive articulators are brought close together, but not to close mouth. The air which flows through the narrow gap is heard as hissing for voiceless fricatives ([s] in size), and buzzing for voiced fricatives ([v] in five). The fricative subclass consists of sounds which start as stops and end up as fricatives. Example: [tʃ] in church and [dʒ] in judge. 3. Approximants The articulators change the shape of mouth or oral cavity, and lead to the production of a particular sound quality. The approximant consonant phonemes in English are /j/ yes, /w/ wet, /r/ red, /l/ let.

9. Central and literal airflow
While producing the sounds of consonants, air will flow through the central of mouth or thought the sides of tongue. Central airflow is when air flows through the central of mouth only. Most English consonants are central airflow (one of them is [r]). Meanwhile Lateral airflow is when air flows through the sides of tongue only. In English, clear and dark allophones of /l/ are the only literal airflow.

10. Place of articulation
Bilabial : two lips. Bilabial consonants are produced by creating a closure with both lips
/p/ pie voiceless bilabial plosive
Labio-dental : lower lip and upper teeth. Labiodental consonants are produced by raising the lower lip to the upper teeth. English has only fricative labiodentals, and no stops
/f/ fat voiceless labio-dental fricative
Dental : tongue between the teeth, or just behind the upper teeth (also called "dental"). In English, the interdental consonants are also all fricatives. In the ASCII phonetic alphabet, these sounds are the voiced [th] and the voiceless [TH].

11. Place of articulation
Alveolartongue tip at the alveolar ridge, behind the top teeth. English alveolar consonants are formed by raising the tip of the tongue to the alveolar ridge, which lies right behind the teeth. There are both fricatives and stops.
/t/ tie voiceless alveolar plosive
Postalveolar: tongue moves to tip back behind the alveolar ridge, which then moving further back again.
/ʃ/ ship voiceless postalveolar fricative
Palatal: the front or body of the tongue raised to the palatal region or the domed area at the roof of your mouth.
/j/ yes voiced palatal approximant
Velar: the active articulator is the back of the tongue, and the passive one is velum, or soft palate.
/k/ cot voiceless velar plosive
Glottal: produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract
/h/ high voiceless glottal fricative

12. Questions