Lesson XXXIII Perfect Passive Participles Passive Voice: Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect Tenses

Perfect Participles A PARTICIPLE is a form of a verb that’s used as an adjective. The past participle in English usually ends in –ed: e.g.: carried, beloved With other verbs, it is irregular: e.g.: shown, eaten, seen, heard. The baby, CARRIED by its mother, stopped crying. The sheets, EATEN by moths, were no longer useful. SEEN cheating by her boyfriend, the girl decided now was as good a time as any to break up.

Perfect Participles In Latin, the PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE is the 4th PRINCIPAL PART of the verb. It generally ends in –tus or –sus: Porto, portare, portavi, PORTATUS PORTATUS: “Having been carried” or just “carried” Mitto, mittere, misi, MISSUS MISSUS: “sent” or “having been sent” These words decline in 1st/2nd declensions just like any other –us, -a, -um adjective. Only the –us ending is listed in your vocabulary.

Participles Examples: Cibus propositus: “the offered food” Litterae missae: “the sent letter”

Forming perfect passive tenses Now that you’ve learned participles, it’s time to put them to good use! The perfect passive participle (part 4 of the verb’s principal parts) is used to make PASSIVE VOICE of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses. Remember that the participle is an adjective, so we’re going to have to tweak its ending a little bit as we conjugate from singular to plural and from gender to gender. Perfect passive tenses are unique in that they use 2 words: a participle and a form of sum.

Perfect Passive Tense Take the perfect passive participle of a verb. Add the present tense of “sum” as a helping verb. Yes, you’re using the PRESENT tense of sum to form a PAST tense verb. Be careful not to translate “sum” as present tense when it’s partnered up with a participle. You’ll see why on the next page….

Amatus sum Amati sumus Amatus es Amati estis Amatus est Amati sunt Singular Plural 1st person Amatus sum I was, have been loved Amati sumus We were, have been loved 2nd person Amatus es You were, have been loved Amati estis Y’all were, have been loved 3rd person *Note that sum is NOT translated “I am”. This is a PAST tense, so the regular meanings of “sum” are thrown out the window…for this chart. Amatus est He was, has been loved NOT “she” or “it”: that would be amatA or amatUM, respectively Amati sunt They were, have been loved Note that we changed –us to the nominative plural –i. Had we been working with amata, the plural would be amatae. Amatum would change to amata.

duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead Singular Plural 1st ductus ducti 2nd ductus ducti 3rd ductus ducti sum est es sumus sunt estis

Pluperfect Passive: The Same Pattern! Just use “eram” as your helping verb. amo, amare, amavi, amatus: love Singular Plural 1st person Amatus eram I had been loved Amati eramus We had been loved 2nd person Amatus eras You had been loved Amati eratis Y’all had been loved 3rd person Amatus erat He had been loved Amati erant They had been loved

duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead Singular Plural 1st ductus ducti 2nd ductus ducti 3rd ductus ducti eram erat eras eramus erant eratis

Future Perfect Passive: The Same Pattern AGAIN! Just use “ero” as your helping verb (future of sum) amo, amare, amavi, amatus: love Singular Plural 1st person Amatus ero I will have been loved Amati erimus We will have been loved 2nd person Amatus eris You will have been loved Amati eritis Y’all will have been loved 3rd person Amatus erit He will have been loved Amati erunt They will have been loved

duco, ducere, duxi, ductus---lead Singular Plural 1st ductus ducti 2nd ductus ducti 3rd ductus ducti ero erit eris erimus erunt eritis

Ready to practice?  But first….

beneficium, benefici (n.) kindness, benefit

exemplum, exempli (n.) example exemplify, sample, exemplary

egregius, egregia egregium: distinguished, excellent egregious

propono, proponere, proposui, propositus: put forward, offer

suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptus: undertake, take up, start

per (+ acc.): through perforate, permit, percolate

sub: under, close up to + acc.: verbs of motion + abl.: verbs of rest suspicion, submarine

Workbook page 121 (watch out for genders and plurals!) missa est a. He will be sent missa erunt b. it will have been sent 3. missum est c. They had been sent mittetur d. She has been sent missae sunt e. They were being sent mittebantur f. They will have been sent missus est g. They are sent mittuntur h. They have been sent missi erant i. It was sent missum erit j. He has been sent

Ready to practice more?  But once again….

beneficium, benefici (n.) kindness, benefit

exemplum, exempli (n.) example exemplify, sample, exemplary

egregius, egregia egregium: distinguished, excellent egregious

propono, proponere, proposui, propositus: put forward, offer

suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptus: undertake, take up, start

per (+ acc.): through perforate, permit, percolate

sub: under, close up to + acc.: verbs of motion + abl.: verbs of rest suspicion, submarine

Workbook page 121 Exercise “E” Translate the 5 sentences in exercise “E” about pirates in the Roman world. Arrrrrgh! Pay special attention to the passive voice verbs, especially your new perfect/pluperfect/future perfect passive tenses. (Whew! That’s a mouthful…!)